PSY 365 Psychology of Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

PSY 365 Psychology of Diversity - Essay Example The theory was that there were noteworthy contrasts in these two impacts on prosocial conduct as per age, and that sexual orientation contrasts would likewise develop. 682 families took an interest in the examination by noting surveys both from the guardians and the instructors of the kids. The example was isolated into kids under 11 and those more than 11 years. The outcomes indicated no critical distinction basically of hereditary qualities and condition as per sexual orientation. Singular contrasts in prosocial conduct developed as kids became teenagers, with natural impact diminishing and hereditary qualities impact expanding. In spite of the fact that this investigation accumulated information from the educators, this information was just used to contrast the appraisals of guardians and instructors as an approach to affirm the degree of prosocial conduct of the youngster. It was not used to think about the impact of shared (home) condition with unshared (school) condition. After two years Knafo and Plomin (2006) additionally analyzed the impact of nature and hereditary qualities on prosocial conduct in small kids. This was a longitudinal report at ages 2, 3, 4 and 7 of an example of 9,424 sets of twins in the UK. The principle theory was that hereditary qualities and condition don't keep on influencing conduct and that new impacts develop in later years. The examination estimated the degree of prosocial conduct, the common condition, the unshared condition and the hereditary impacts. The consequences of the investigation demonstrated that the mutual condition had less impact as the kids matured, however the hereditary qualities had a more prominent impact. The outcomes likewise indicated that the hereditary impacts represent both change and coherence in prosocial conduct yet the nonshared situations impacts account fundamentally for the progressions in prosocial conduct. In spite of the fact that Knafo and Plomin just did their examination to age 7, the two investigations found that hereditary consequences for prosocial conduct expanded with age and that the organic impact of hereditary qualities expanded though

Problems of Language Rights

Question: Talk about the Problems of Language Rights. Answer: Presentation: There is no addition expressing the way that swearing itself is exceptionally terrible and it upsets the audience members. In any case, the motivation behind why swearing ought to be halted isn't a direct result of the basic truth that it serves nothing aside from mortifying and humiliating individuals out in the open, yet in addition it makes one rash, foolish and rough. While discourse is being utilized for conveying ones musings to the audience, regularly one abuses that and twists correspondence, by utilizing oppressive words (Kaye Sapolsky, 2004). Be that as it may, the utilization of harsh slangs make an individual progressively heartless, and when he can't utilize his discourse to great finishes, he neglects to control himself or the individuals around him. Swearing is generally routine and intuitive, and the more an individual enjoys the demonstration of swearing, the more easygoing he will become (Fish, 1994). Somebody who can obliviously utilize any injurious language, and can consider harming the confidence of others, at the smallest incitement, will always be unable to control the conduct, as that individual will go to be increasingly unfeeling and foolish while managing others (Jay, 2009). It ought to be noticed that an individual who realizes how to discuss successfully with others, will consistently pick up the certainty and regard, and will have the option to convince others. Then again, an injurious individual who will in general swear once in a while won't be seen as a rational or a circumspect individual, and in this manner he will neglect to practice power over others. It is advantageous to make reference to here that one of the most particular highlights of any type of loathe discourse is that the speaker for the most part articulates it without understanding that it can hurt the audience. The more an individual maltreatment his companions and friends, the more inclined will he be to utilize this word much of the time. Step by step, the individual will lose command over what he says or to whom is he saying the equivalent. For instance, it has been seen that individuals every now and again utilizing the slang words, ceaselessly utilize the equivalent, until they lose authority over themselves and begin utilizing them before guardians, educators and other regarded individuals also (Hughes, 2011). As a rule, the slang words are being utilized with a feeling of levity by the individuals, and soon the clients begin mishandling others with no genuine purpose for it. Subsequently, a thoughtless demeanor creates among the clients that force individuals to utilize the words all the more oftentimes and with no solid explanation. Regardless of whether the speaker isn't rankled or energized by anything, he would in any case utilize damaging words, and would thusly lose power over himself (Sumner Waldron , 2013). It is imperative to realize how to control ones words as it causes one to control the essential feelings, for example, outrage, fierceness or fervor and subsequently, with the goal that an individual can act like a reasonable person. An individual can begin hollering at individuals with animosity, assaulting individuals based on the statement of faith, culture or sex. While from one viewpoint, one will be not able to control ones own feelings the unique individual will simultaneously neglect to gain appropriate regard from others. An individual, despite the fact that claims an exceptionally legitimate force, if begins assaulting others based on race, religions, inability and sex, will before long neglect to win regard from the subordinates. The individuals ought to be commonly conscious towards others, bombing which an individual, will likewise not have the option to get the regard that the individual legitimately merits. In the event that a business swears at the workers, and even g iven adequate ground, thinks about manhandling the representatives based on their sexual character or ethnic foundation, the individual will lose authority over the workers, who won't bow down before an impolite, damaging and corrupted person. It is critical to make reference to here that frequently individuals, particularly in higher and legitimate position, accept that so as to control the subordinates, it is essential to utilize oppressive words and carry on discourteously. Be that as it may, despite the fact that for a few, abhor discourse can be likened with force and predominance, it is scarcely so. Every individual is being offered with a decision, and if the individual decides to utilize an injurious word, it is the piece of the decision one is taking deliberately. Frequently however individuals contend that it is hard to control the essential feelings, for example, nervousness and rage, and subsequently feel enticed to utilize the oppressive words, the utilization of abhor discourse before long transforms into a propensity. When articulated for no particular reason or in a snapshot of fury may constrain one to utilize the slangs all the more often, in any event, during events considered generally inadmissible for the utilization of slangs words (Rassool, 1998). The harsh words are being utilized by individuals who carelessly state something and afterward prevent their duty from securing having harmed others. Such individuals begin carrying on in a reckless manner, yet in addition begin losing control once again their own feelings because of which individuals articulate the abhor discourse at an inappropriate spots and before an inappropriate people. An individual utilizing an excessive number of injurious dialects will in general lose restraint, and neglects to understand the event or the setting in which one ought to appreciate the freedom of utilizing the harsh words. As one beginnings utilizing the oppressive words all the more every now and again with others, the individual loses authority more than ones own temper, jargon and furthermore conduct. One neglects to control the individuals around, who no longer feel pulled in to the nearness of the previous yet are fairly repulsed by the manner in which the man acts in broad daylight. It is profoundly significant for every person to act in a sympathetic and dependable manner, in order to guarantee that the words expressed don't hurt any individual, and that one can control ones own feelings just as the dispositions of the individuals . Book index: Fish, S. (1994).There's No Such Thing As Free Speech, and It's a Good Thing Too(1st ed.). Oxford University Press. Geoffrey, H. (2011).Political accuracy: a background marked by semantics and culture.(1st ed.). John Wiley Sons. Jay, T. (2009). Do hostile words hurt people?.Psychology, Public Policy, and Law,15(2), 81. Kaye, B. K., Sapolsky, B. S. (2004). Hostile language in prime-time TV: Four years after TV age and substance ratings.Journal of Broadcasting Electronic Media,48(4), 554-569. Rassool, N. (1998). Postmodernity, social pluralism and the country state: issues of language rights, human rights, personality and power.Language Sciences,20(1), 89-99. Sumner, L. W., Waldron, J. (2013). The Harm in Hate Speech, 377-383.

Return of the Frog Queen

Return of the Frog Queen DID YOU KNOW? The entire state of Wyoming (population 509,300) has fewer people than the Harrisburg, PA metro area. OH WOW, its been a while. Im real sorry; Im just not exactly on top of my life right now, as the remainder of this entry should prove. So I stayed up until 5 AM last night working on my ICE-T (ice tea) problem set. To answer James Eastwoods question: YES! Were designing (not buildingthe designing part is hard enough), a fuel cell that could theoretically be used to power a cell phone. A cell phone of the future. Were not actually using hydrogen, because that could explode and kill you while youre talking to your grandmother about apple pie recipes, and that would be fun for nobody. Instead were using 22 M formic acid, which is, needless to say, MUCH safer. Just dont, you know, break your cell phone open or anything like that. Anyway, the formic acid is pressurized, so it goes through a reactor thats about 3 cm x 3 cm while air (80% nitrogen, 20% oxygen) flows in countercurrent. Redox occurs, theres a microfabricated nanoporous silicon membrane, and BAMF! Cell phone power! My friend Jacqueline and I are doing all this: all the design parameters and cost estimations, all the pressures and temperatures and safety calculations, and writing a 10-page paper and a powerpoint presentation on the subject, in four weeks. Integrated Chemical Engineering, or ICE, the senior capstone subject in Chemical Engineering, consists of two modules: one lasting eight crazy weeks, and one lasting four far crazier weeks, during which you take all the theoretical nonsense that youve spent the past four years learning and apply it to two different chemical engineering problems. This is so you can prove that you actually know how to do chemical engineering before you go off to work at your six-figure investment banking job and stop caring about fluid mechanics. Sorry, its the time of the season for offers, and all of us poor chemical engineers planning to go to grad school and save the world are getting just a little bit jaded. WOW, that was a mouthful. Anyway, I fell asleep at 5 AM last night because I was working on that, among other things, and I havent yet learned to efficiently budget my time. One thing that I regret about MIT is that I almost never, and I say never, think in bed anymore. During high school, after a hard day of work it was no trouble for me to just lie down, put a sheet over my face, and listen to some Brian Eno while contemplating the meaning of existence or what I was having for lunch the next day or what I would sing when I auditioned for American Idol or whatever. But now? No. I cant put my head on a pillow for more than about 27 seconds before I completely pass out into an incomprehensibly deep sleep, waking up only occasionally to babble incoherently and to hilarious effect. Its a useful skill, because sometimes I want to sleep for only, say, 7 minutes before my clothes come out of the dryer, and being able to fall asleep so quickly will net me 6 whole minutes of sleep passed out on the floor in my clothes. In a fetal position. So for me, dreaming is just about the most awesome thing in the world, because its kind of like thinking and sleep put together, and I usually only dream when Ive been sleeping for a really long time. Which is also just about the best thing in the world, now that I think of it. So whenever I end up having an interesting dream, I do one of two things: I either a) tell you about it, or b) tell Mitra about it. I started with b) this morning, but after some further thought on the subject I decided to go with a) also. From: Sam Maurer To: Mitra Lhrnbq!xobile Time: 12:48 PM Subject: long story I had a dream that I went out in the middle of the night to the basement of Building 4 to get some chinese food, but they didnt have any pork, and what I wanted from this particular restaurant was a pork dish (I think it was based on this real-life time that Shana and I went to Philadelphia and randomly walked around Chinatown until we got hungry and we found this random noodle place and they had hand-cut noodles, which I got with ground pork and scallions and it was one of the best things I ever ate and also cost only $3.75). I met up there with some people who I randomly knew in real life, but I forget who they were. Anyway, so I ordered chicken fried rice, which cost only $4 but what they gave me was like this Italian-inspired dish that was kind of rancid-tasting cool whip/mozzarella cheese with red and green sauce poured on (get it, red white and green?). It was horrible and I couldnt eat it, but other people were getting similar dishes and loving them (they would pour different colored sauces on the cool whip depending on which country you asked for). I was like, no, this isnt what I asked for, but its okay, Im not really hungry anymore, and they let me go without paying for it. They were closing so I didnt want to trouble them to make new chicken fried rice. so then I thought I saw Woon Teck with bleached blonde hair at the next table, and I just started yelling, WOON TECK! WOON TECK! But he didnt look over. So I went and got a slightly closer look and it turned out that it was not Woon Teck, just some guy who was Asian and skinny (yfr). But then the REAL Woon Teck with bleached blonde hair, wearing a pink shirt and makeup, was above us in Killian Court and popped his head through the window and said like one word (I forget what it was, but probably something like Sam Maurer! or MEOW!) and I was like, Oh, Woon Teck! then I woke up to find that I had slept through my second step aerobics class. ARGH, how am I going to make this up?? (phys ed classes are graded on attendance only, but you can only miss one per quarterIve been waking up at 7 AM twice a week for my one-hour step aerobics class, which is the only, and I mean THE ONLY thing standing in the way of my impending graduation, and now I have missed two classes with one week to go in the semester) So when I got to thinking about this dream, I got to thinking about Woon Teck. And Woon Teck, oh, Woon Teck he really has come to symbolize what I love about MIT. Because Woon Tecks weird. But just saying that about an MIT student tells you nothing. Because basically everyone at MIT is weird. But in a different way. I never thought that the spectrum of weird was quite so wide or contained quite so many distinct colors. You could be weird like a pre-med who lives in McCormick, or weird like a TEP brother and build giant trebuchets, or weird like someone who lives in Random Hall takes ten classes, or weird like someone who lives in Burton-Conner and showers twice a day and bleaches his pots and pans, or maybe you stalk people compulsively and read the random documents in their public directories, or you just walk around quoting the Natalie Portman rap video at inappropriate moments. In any case, youre FREAKING CREEPING ME OUT. So when I say, Woon Teck is weird, did you imagine that Woon Teck was a 98-pound Singaporean who graduated MIT with a masters degree in four years, decorated our suite with Hello Kitty and yet played on the MIT Rugby team (only to spite his ex-boyfriend), cross-registered at Harvard to learn Swedish (with the sole intention of using it find a Scandinavian lumberjack lover), applied nightly facial masks (and yet only consumed protein shakes and food fried in a single pot of oil), and had seven middle names. And meowed at me. In casual conversation. I mean, did you even consider that picture to be in the realm of possibilities? If not, its probably because you dont go to MIT. I think in the end, I will remember more Woon Teck than fluid mechanics.

The History of Ice Cube Trays

It is not known for certain who invented the first ice cube tray, a refrigerator accessory that can make and remake small uniform ice cubes. Yellow Fever In 1844, American physician, John Gorrie, built a refrigerator to make ice to cool the air for his yellow fever patients. Some historians think that Doctor Gorrie may have also invented the first ice cube tray since it was documented that his patients were also receiving iced drinks. DOMELRE—the Refrigerator That Inspired Ice Cube Trays In 1914, Fred Wolf invented a refrigerating machine called the DOMELRE or DOMestic ELectric REfrigerator. The DOMELRE was not successful in the marketplace, however, it did have a simple ice cube tray and inspired later refrigerator manufacturers to include ice cube trays in their appliances as well. During the 1920s and 30s, it became common for electric refrigerators to come with a freezer section that included an ice cube compartment with trays. Ejecting Ice Cube Trays In 1933, the first flexible stainless steel, all-metal ice tray was invented by Guy Tinkham, the vice-president of General Utilities Manufacturing Company. The tray flexed sidewise to eject the ice cubes. Tinkhams invention was named the McCord ice tray and cost $0.50 in 1933. Flexing the tray cracked the ice into cubes corresponding to the division points in the tray, and then forced the cubes up and out. Pressure forcing the ice out is due to the 5-degree draft on both sides of the tray. Modern Ice Later, various designs based on the McCord were released, aluminum ice-cube trays with a removable cube separator and release handles. They were eventually replaced by molded plastic ice cube trays. Today, refrigerators come with a variety of ice cube making options that go beyond trays. There are internal automatic icemakers and also icemakers and dispensers built into refrigerator doors.

Plaintiff - 1475 Words

after 10 years of service.† Caroline said, â€Å"I am sorry, but at this time there is nothing.† Then the Plaintiff requested, â€Å"Can I maybe go full time?† Caroline said, â€Å"Sorry. I can’t do that, because you have no future with our company, you will have to look elsewhere.† Plaintiff said, â€Å"I have the ability to take on more challenging work and move to the next level. I would like to take on more responsibilities in the department, because I have obtained qualifications and skills to do them.† Caroline said, â€Å"Due to the company’s situation with the merger and what Tony had told me about your communication and performance, I can’t help you at this time.† I said, â€Å"Thank you for giving me the opportunity to speak with you. I hope that in the†¦show more content†¦Plaintiff felt it was unsafe to drive the car home in the condition it was in, so he then called his parents AAA to tow his car back home at 8:41 PM. Tow truck driver said the symptoms the Plaintiffs car could suggest a bad tank of gas. The Plaintiff has provided a copy of the tow truck receipt as evidence that the car was towed. SEE EXHIBIT â€Å"50† 3/30/17 AAA Tow Receipt. Upon inspection, the Plaintiff discovered that the timing belt tensioner was loosened, fluids in the gas tank was clear and engine oil was low. After the Plaintiff recently graduated college, his cars were continually broken into and vandalized on Charter Communications property. Charter Communications violated company policy when they failed to protect the Plaintiffs property and permitted the car vandalisms to continuously occur. Also, the local Irwindale Police Department ignored the Plaintiffs complaints because Charter Communications was unwilling to investigate the Plaintiffs claims. SEE EXHIBIT â€Å"9† Old Employee Handbook pg 99. Suspicious Cars Stalk Plaintiffs Home 42. Every once in a while, suspicious cars with dark windows were parked in the driveway blocking the Plaintiffs driveway at home. Sometimes, these suspicious cars were parked there in the morning or the day, but most of the time they were there after dark.. This suspicious activity has made the Plaintiffs family very scared of their safety, especially after the car vandalisms that had occurred at the PlaintiffsShow MoreRelatedPlaintiff Complains And For Causes Of Action Alleges858 Words   |  4 Pages Plaintiff complains and for causes of action alleges as follows:   Joeli Rosario is and has been a resident of the City of San Francisco, County of San Francisco. Her current address is: 1418, South Van Ness Avenue. The Connie’s Costume Shop is a sole proprietorship organized and existing under the laws of the State of California with its principal office located at 1685 Bryant Street, San Francisco, CA 941103.   Plaintiff is ignorant of the true names and capacities of Defendants sued asRead More1.The Plaintiffs Have Suffered Physical And Financial Loss1561 Words   |  7 Pages 1. The Plaintiffs have suffered physical and financial loss in relation to the following properties: (a) Onehunga property (‘Onehunga’) (b) Herne Bay villa (‘Herne Bay’) 2. The unlawful actions and omissions of each of the Defendants have caused that loss. 3. The First Defendant is sued for his conduct as the Plaintiffs’ real estate agent in connection with an agreement for the sale of the Onehunga property from the Plaintiffs to Hugh’s Property Portfolio Limited, and the Herne Bay agreementRead MorePlaintiff Summary1688 Words   |  7 Pages7. 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Girl Interrupted Free Essays

Girl, Interrupted was the movie I chose to watch for my experiential paper. This 1999 movie, directed by James Mangold, tells a true tale of a woman’s eighteen-month stay at a psychiatric hospital. This woman, Susanne Kaysen, appears to be depressed and aimless as she finishes her high school career. We will write a custom essay sample on Girl Interrupted or any similar topic only for you Order Now After a suicide attempt, she finds herself trapped in a mental institution called Claymore Hospital. Although I’ve seen this movie many of times, it always makes an impact on me. Now that I know more about psychology, I feel as though I watched the movie from a different perspective. This new perspective allowed me to analyze and critique the film from through the lens of psychology. The movie ‘Girl Interrupted’ is a story of a nineteen year old girl Susanne in the 1960’s who, after being suspected of trying to commit suicide, gets sent away to the Mental Institution for a short ‘resting period. Her psychiatrist had suggested to her that the affair with one of her parents’ friends, along with her misconception that chasing a bottle of aspirin with a bottle of vodka is anything other than a suicide attempt, could be signs that she may be suffering from ‘borderline personality disorder. ‘ Now she must struggle to remain as sane as possible while being immersed in the hospital with many unstable patients. At the Claymoore Hospital, Susanne quickly becomes friendly with a number of the institution’s residents. These residents include Georgina, a pathological liar, Polly a terminally fearful burn victim, Daisy an incest victim and extremely withdrawn agoraphobic, and Lisa, a charming, but manipulating sociopath. The only character to really portray the characteristics of their disorder accurately was Lisa, the sociopath. Antisocial personality disorder is a psychiatric condition characterized by chronic behavior that manipulates, exploits, or violates the rights of others. Individuals with antisocial personality disorder are often angry and arrogant but may be capable of superficial wit and charm. They may be adept at flattery and are very skilled at manipulating the emotions for their own personal gain as we discussed in class. I thought Lisa’s disorder was accurately portrayed because even with her total disregard for the concerns and even the lives of others, she still manages to some how charm the audience with her blunt brutal honesty and her ‘I don’t care what people think of me’ attitude. People diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder seem to have no emotional connection to any one or anything, and seldom show any signs of emorse for their intrusions on the rights of others like we talked about in class.. Lisa’s power of observations gave her the uncanny ability to sense the weakness in other people, which as most sociopaths do, used them for her own personal gain. Another character in the film was Daisy, an obsessive-compulsive agoraphobic whose ongoing affair with her father had left her with a number of various personality dis orders to choose from there weren’t many disorders that she didn’t show symptoms of. Her character did a wonderful job portraying a neurotic recluse whose various disorders took over her life to the point she felt she no longer had any hope for living independently of her sexually abusive father. Other characters include Polly, with her self-inflicted burns that have kept her forever childlike, and Georgina the pathological liar and roommate of the borderline Susanna. It was amongst these characters that Susanna found the strength to confront her own turbulent mentality. Susanna’s character did a good job with allowing the narrative to paint a picture of the thought processes of someone who suffers from depression or other personality disorders. Even though she did show signs of having a borderline personality, I personally felt that she showed more signs of depression than anything else. A person with depression or bipolar disorder typically endures the same mood for weeks; a person with BPD may experience intense bouts of anger, depression, and anxiety that may last only hours, or at most a day as we learned about in class. How to cite Girl Interrupted, Papers

Causation and Correlation free essay sample

Causation and Correlation Paper The topic I am going to pick is â€Å"Wealthy people are thin†. This could go both ways I am thinking. Wealthy people have the means to stay thin. We will write a custom essay sample on Causation and Correlation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They have money, resources, and the means to keep there health in check. If you’re poor or not wealthy you basically have to eat or cook what ever is cheap and some healthy foods are not cheap.For these reasons I think the correlation for this topic could be a good one or a bad one, it just depends on what your economic status is and what you can or can’t afford. I think if I had to pick one or the other out of causation and correlation I think this topic is more causation. The reasoning for my selection is that if you are wealthy you have more options to stay thin. So for this being wealthy can cause one to stay thin. Another reason why wealthy people are more able to stay thin over less wealthier people is because like I have mentioned food is expensive and the foods they might need to get you might have to travel or go to special stores. Another way this is causation is because wealthy people can also afford personal trainers or even a gym membership along with weight loss doctors to stay on track. For all these reasons they cause wealthier people to stay thin. Reference: Causation and Correlation in this weeks materials.

Anesthesia Awareness Essays - Medicine, Pain, Anesthesia

Anesthesia Awareness Essays - Medicine, Pain, Anesthesia Anesthesia Awareness Anesthesia is used during surgery to put people to sleep so that they don't feel immense pain, instead they sleep for the entire operation which makes the surgeons job quicker and more effective compared to operating on a living patient going through severe pain and probably moving the whole time making it a lot easier for the doctors to make a mistake that could be life altering. But in some cases patients who are under anesthesia are able to wake up during their operation "which doctors call anesthesia awareness." This situation is rare and refers to when patients can remember where they are and pressure or pain, that occurred to them during their surgery while they were meant to be under anesthesia. And so the patient wakes up paralysed because they are not fully asleep, and because of this they could be screaking and no one would be able to hear them, only after the operation would people become aware of what happened and know that for the duration of the surgery this patient was able to feel everything that was happening to them and had no chance of getting them to stop. Before the operation doctors tell their patients that they will be put to sleep for the duration of the surgery as it ensures that they don't feel any pain. But this is not the case and what they are actually doing is putting the person in a reversible coma so they have no memory of what went on in the operation and the pain they would have experienced. Today doctors use machines that monitor the patient's brain activity that allows them to see if the person wakes up so that they can reduce them from experiencing this extra pain, but this is not always recognised and some people still wake up and have to endure this pain.

43 Data-Driven Headline Ideas From 1,000 Popular Posts

43 Data-Driven Headline Ideas From 1,000 Popular Posts So far,  the 16,312 people who rely on for their all-in-one marketing calendar have scheduled 4,302,684  blog posts. Thats a lot of blog headlines. And were data junkies. The result? We nerded out pretty hard core. It was time to analyze all of the blog posts  in our system  to understand what headline ideas perform the best on social media to not only help you write better headlines, but also help you get the most social shares for your hard work  when you schedule your  social media  right in . To top it off, it was high time you had access to this data right in your marketing calendar to help you write great headlines every time. So next time you log in to , check out your  all-new headline analyzer integration to help you choose the best headline for your blog posts to help you get the social attention and traffic your content deserves. Lets take a look at the 1,000 most popular headlines weve ever seen,  focusing on the structure of very shareable headline ideas. First, a tangent: There are many factors at play here that made these 1,000 blog posts successful. Were  they  long-form blog posts? Did influencers write them? How did the editors promote these posts? I could name off a bajillion questions about the quality of the content. So this  data analysis focuses  purely on the headlines themselves and not the context of the content behind them. That's why there are a few things to keep in mind: A significant majority of these blog posts received the bulk  of their social shares from Pinterest, meaning they had some awesome visual content embedded into their blog posts. Many of the blogs  are optimized to increase social shares using WordPress plugins and social media  buttons. Every blog's audience is different, and some audiences may be more likely to share than others. Also, some audiences prefer certain networks over others. This data is no indicator of pageviews or the ultimate goal of content marketing to convert any traffic into profitable customer action. But, it's worth mentioning that from this data sample, an average blog post received: 18,700 Facebook shares,  22,997 likes, and 7,810 comments 252 Tweets 621 LinkedIn shares 304,934 Pins So there  are definitely lessons to learn  since only two of  10 people who see your headlines actually click through to read your blog posts. 1. A significant majority of headlines are generic,  essentially only targeting a keyword. An overwhelming amount of headlines in this study were generic- meaning they didn't contain any value proposition or helpful information to connect with the readers' emotions. I've heard headlines like this called label headlines before, and they look something like this: Wedding Budgets While  generic headlines work, you could improve this headline even more to connect with an emotion that could generate even more social shares: How To Stretch Your Wedding Budget To Make It The Perfect Day It's not an exact science, but your audience gets a better feel for what they'll discover after clicking through to read your content while connecting to an emotional need to stretch a smaller budget. The data we used to build the headline analyzer suggests the latter example here should perform  better than the original for increasing social shares and clickthroughs. Make your #headlines appeal to emotion to get more clickthroughs.2. People share blog posts with numbers in blog headlines. About 11% of the blog posts in this study began with  numbers in the headlines. Some of these were list posts, some mentioned  completing tasks in a specific amount of time, and some included steps. There is something about data that draws people into these headlines- setting an expectation and promising a quick solution to a problem. Data from Conductor and cited through Backlinko suggests that headlines with numbers get 36% more clickthroughs than those without, and this new data seems to complement what Conductor found, suggesting that headlines with numbers get more shares than those without. But  Conductor data suggests that odd numbers tend to perform better.  Data from this study suggests the opposite. Of these popular headlines that contained numbers, 49 contained odd numbers while 58 of them contained even numbers. The most popular numbers used in headlines were: 15 and 20 tied for the  most popular 30 came in second place 10 took third place 5 came in fourth place 3 and 25 tied for fifth place 7, 16, and 50 tied for sixth place Think odd numbers perform best in #headlines? Think again [new research].3. List posts are the most popular structured headline that people share. Those numbers you just read about? Most of them were part of list posts. Yep, they still work. 4. How to headlines still work. It was surprising to find only 4% of the headlines in this sample contained how to  in them. But even with just a small amount, these still performed super well among the larger group. 5. Include header images to  drive tons of shares through Pinterest. While you might have the greatest headline and content in the world, it won't drive shares on Pinterest unless you complement  your blog post with awesome visuals. The average blog post from this study received more than 300,000 Pins on Pinterest because they included visual content. Even if they contained a generic headline,  these blog posts had to have awesome visuals to drive those shares. 6. Focus on self-reliance, ease, and time-savings. DIY appeared in 5% of the headlines. That's even more than how to! A  similar  percent  contained the word minute, taking an idea and letting the reader know how easy using the information from the blog post would be: $5 + 30 Minute Wooden Growth Chart Some of the blog  headlines also focused on helping readers do something with the tools they already had, without the need to buy anything new.  Overall, it seems that in no matter what industry- or even business-to-business or business-to-consumer- there is a common need to save time and money. 7. Question headlines  are under-used. Only two headlines in this study used questions to inspire curiosity. That runs contrary to other data we've analyzed that shows that question headlines are one of the top-performing types of headlines. Essentially, this means there is some opportunity for you to use question headlines to stand out from your competition. Recommended Reading from Neil Patel: The 6 Types Of Social Media Content That Will Give You The Greatest Value When we started analyzing our Twitter data to help us improve every tweet we send, we found that open-ended questions tend to  get more clickthroughs than other headline ideas. Sometimes, that disparity hit as much as 32%! So appeal to the fear of missing out in your social messages by sharing headlines like... Does Your SEO Content Strategy Focus On Buying Intent? Get Customers, Not Just Traffic. ...to  encourage more clickthroughs to your content. What would happen if you used questions as your #headlines?8. New types of blog posts may have an opportunity to stand out. A few of the blog posts had unusual headlines that nearly focus on the absurd to inspire clickthroughs and social shares: 135 Easy Elf on the Shelf Ideas That is a ridiculously high number, meaning folks looking for that information probably only need a single source to answer all of their questions on the topic. Those examples made me think of the best types of blog posts that help you grow traffic. When Aman Thakur explored the topic, he found: Long list posts get more backlinks. There were several  posts in this study that hit large numbers like 99, 100, 101, 135, and even 173 that really stood out from the others. Research-backed, data-driven posts get more traffic. Only a small amount  of the headlines included percentages or growth numbers. Personal success stories can  turn traffic into profit. Another small number of blog posts told very personal stories- some of them almost satirical. New method posts can coin new terms and change the industry.  Only very few of the blog posts in this study coined new terms for their processes, but when done, they were done well. Infographic  posts  get more shares.  Again, tons of these blog posts performed really well on Pinterest, so this seems like very good advice. Expert advice posts help you steal their audience. Some of the  headlines  in this study mentioned influencers' names to either take their idea  and build on it, or as an actual interview with the influencer. Takeaway: These ideas are data-backed, proven to increase your traffic. Yet it looks like these are new wave types of blog posts  that not many have explored yet. That means there is ample opportunity for you to use these headline ideas to stand out. 9. Some words make for very shareable headlines. Nearly 5% of all the headlines in this sample contained the word easy, another 4% used you, and 2% contained best. It looks like it works to focus on providing the best possible information to use as easily as possible all while targeting your audience directly in second-person narrative. Don't be afraid to test lesser-used adjectives to inspire some interest in your  blog posts: Stop Searching For A Magical Exercise Routine Pulling information from previous research, check out this  huge list of 500+ emotional words that will help you write better headlines with some uniquely powerful words. 10. There is opportunity to improve headlines to be more emotional. The average score of these posts is a 32 with the  headline analyzer, getting a C- grade. Woops. That's why even when you're publishing  really great content, we decided to help you  write better headlines by integrating that headline analyzer directly into so  you can see your score, write a few more headlines to publish every blog post with a  more emotional headline, and even get inspiration for sharing alternative headlines on your social networks. You can get started with the free headline analyzer now, and when you want to plan awesome content, just know it's waiting for you in your marketing calendar right in . ;) The Key To 43 Data-Driven Headline Ideas One of the things that's most useful with this data  is checking out the structure of successful blog headlines to give you new headline ideas. Consider this a way to find new angles for your blog posts and get a bit of inspiration from headlines that have already performed extremely well. This is going to feel like a lesson of filling in the blanks. Here's what you need to know as you get started with your headline ideas: [Brackets]: Anything in brackets is where you'll enter your own words to take a successful headline idea and make it your own. #:  Enter a number. Adjective/superlative adjective: Write in a word that describes your noun. Noun:  In most cases, think of this as your keyword for the blog post. Verb: Think of your headline like a call to action- tell your readers exactly what they should do. Adverb: Coupled with your verb, make it sound super easy to do what you're telling them to do. Audience: Think about your target audience and words they'd relate to, and literally call them out in your headlines. Present/past participle: Think of a verb in motion. Alright, some of that  might sound scary to those of you  who didn't pay attention in grammar class (you know who you are). And that's just fine. Follow the headline idea examples and you'll do great! Make it sound so easy it's silly  not to read your blog post. 1: Easy [Adjective] [Noun] (Our Favorite [Noun]) Easy Pull Apart Pizza Bread (Our Favorite Recipe) 2: [#]-[Noun] Easy  [Noun] 5-Ingredient Easy White Chicken Chili 3: [#] [Adjective]  And [Adjective]  DIY  [Noun] 60 Cute and Easy DIY Gifts in a Jar | Christmas Gift Ideas Position your blog post as an ultimate guide. 4: [#] [Adjective] Ideas For Every [Noun] 50 Organizing Ideas For Every Room in Your House Instigate  interaction and engagement. 5: Find Your [Noun]  With Our [Noun] Quiz #15daystoDDG : Find your muse with our Style Stalker quiz (day 4) Appeal to your readers' emotion to save money. 6: [Verb] These [#] [Noun] For [Adjective] [Noun]! Contact These 173 Manufacturers for High Value Coupons! 7: [#] Free [Noun] 20 Free Handwriting Fonts Help your readers save time. 8: [#]-Minute [Adjective] [Noun] 8-Minute No Crunch Ab Burner 9: $[#] + [#]-Minute [Adjective] [Noun] $5 + 30 Minute Wooden Growth Chart Intrigue your readers with a mystery. 10: [#] Tips For [Audience] (Number [#] Is A Game Changer) 45 Tips For Men (Number 40 is a Game Changer) Call out your audience directly. 11: [Audience]: You'll Thank Me Later (And For The Rest Of My Life) Coffee And Tea Lovers: You'll Thank Me Later (And For The Rest Of My Life) Write a truly unique headline to capture  interest. 12: [Noun] (Inspired By [Noun]) Bare Necessities Fresh Fruit Pops (Inspired by Disney's The Jungle Book) 13: [#] Unspoken [Noun] Rules Every [Audience] Should Know 27 Unspoken Suit Rules Every Man Should Know 14: A [Noun] Of [Noun]- [#] [Noun] Ideas A Hodge Podge of Mod Podge- 10 Mod Podge Ideas Share your value proposition. 15: [#] Ways [Noun] Will Improve Your Life 9 Ways Apple Cider Vinegar Will Improve Your Life 16: [#] [Noun]  Hacks You Won't Want To Forget 25 Sewing Hacks You Won't Want to Forget Focus on a very specific use case. 17: [#] [Adjective] [Noun] To Try On Your Next [Noun] 18 Mouthwatering Breakfast Recipes to Try On Your Next Camping Trip 18: [#] Things To Do With [Noun] 27 Things to Do With Cake Mix Show your readers how to do something better than ever. 19: How To [Verb] A [Noun] With [Noun] How To Clean A Microwave With Vinegar And Steam! 20: How To [Verb] [Noun] With A [Noun] How To Clean Grout With A Homemade Grout Cleaner 21: How To Make A [Adjective] [Noun] The Easy Way How To Make a Large Monogram Cutout The Easy Way 22: How To [Verb] Your [Noun] (In [#] Mostly Easy Steps) How To Stage Manage Your Wedding (In Six Mostly Easy Steps) Stand out with large list posts. 23: My [#] Best [Noun] My 101 Best Disney World Tips 24: [#] Things You Might Be Thankful For About Your [Noun] 99 Things You Might be Thankful for about Your Husband 25: [#] Easy [Noun] Ideas 135 Easy Elf on the Shelf Ideas This is #TheBestEver. 26: The Best Ever [Adjective] [Noun] Solution For [Noun] The Best EVER Homemade Carpet Cleaning Solution for Machines Entertain your readers. 27: The [#] [Superlative Adjective] [Noun] Of All Time The 50 Funniest Tumblr Posts Of All Time 28: [#] Of The [Superlative Adjective] [Noun] We've Ever Seen 99 Of The Funniest Pinterest Pictures We've Ever Seen Be honest, and tell your own story. 29: [#] Things I Wish I Knew About [Noun] 20 Things I Wish I Knew About Photography Posing 30: How I [Verb] [Noun] For The Week how i prep food for the week 31: I Am Always Sure About [Noun] I Am Always Sure About What I Don't Want Shock your readers with something unexpected. 32: [#]  Reasons To [Verb] [Noun] Daily 16 Reasons to Have Sex Daily 33: What's That [Noun]? DIY [Noun] For The [Noun] What's that smell? - DIY Poo Fragrance Spray for the Bathroom Go against the grain. 34: Forget The [Noun], Try This [Noun] Forget The Chocolate Bunny, Try These Easter Sweets 35: Stop Searching For A [Adjective] [Noun] Stop Searching For A Magical Exercise Routine Share case studies of past success. 36: Welcome To [Noun]: [Noun] [Verb]  [Noun] With Next To Nothing Welcome To "Bestie Row": Lifelong Friends Build Row Of Tiny Houses In The Middle Of Nowhere. Be inspirational. 37: When You Feel [Past Participle] when you feel shaken. 38: [#] Ways To [Verb] [Adverb] 5 Ways to Fail Gracefully Why not rant a bit- or go to the extreme? 39: Dear [Audience]: You're Not [Present Participle] Dear Teachers: You're Not Fooling Me 40: The Subtle Art Of Not [Present Participle] The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*** Note: The original headline spelled out that expletive, definitely catching an unsuspecting audience off guard. Expect a few (OK, a ton of) four-letter curse words if  you click through. Blog post series still work. 41: [#] Days To Great [Noun] [Series #]: [#] Ways To [Verb] With Your [Noun] 29 Days to Great Sex Day 10: 16 Ways to Flirt with Your Husband Build on your previous success. 42: [#]+ More [Adjective] [Noun] Ideas 16+ More Creative Garden Container Ideas 43: [#] Things I Wish I Knew About [Noun] 20 Things I Wish I Knew About Photographing in Manual Mode Note: This one is awfully similar to #29, isn't it? The same blogger saw the success from her first headline structure like this and repeated it. The result? The second post was also super successful at capturing  social shares. Find what works for your audience and repeat your success. Bonus! A Few Of 's Most Popular, Super Cool, Non-Lame Headline Ideas has a top posts feature built into it to help you review what's popular. Here's a glimpse of the most-shared headlines on the blog: Now It's Your Turn To Rock These Headline Ideas I recommend taking some advice from Upworthy as you get started with these headline ideas: Write 25 headlines for every blog post. Not only can you use all of the data and examples from this post for inspiration, that practice will help you write better headlines every time- and consistently. When I started writing at least 25 headlines for every post, our traffic started taking off slowly but surely. We were able to reuse some of the best headlines in our social messages and email A/B tests. I'm telling you that this works- and that's one of the reasons we built the headline analyzer right into to help you get the most out of every blog post you publish. Good luck, and tell me all about your headline journey! I'd love to hear more about your headline ideas.

The National Trust for Scotland (NTS) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The National Trust for Scotland (NTS) - Essay Example The properties that are handled by the National Trust of Scotland are quite diverse ranging from castle to cottages. They also look after the birthplaces of famous Scots like Robbie Burns and taking care of the industrial heritage sites such as Lanark Mills also comes under their responsibility. Other than this, the Trust also takes care of over 200,000 acres of countryside including farmlands, mountains and moorlands, farmland forest, waterfalls, coastlines, and island (Countryhouses, 2010) Despite having such a great responsibility, the National Trust of Scotland has been ignoring its prescribed duty thus; it has to face the financial reality of their mistakes. These mistakes have somehow far- reaching consequences of its houses (Countryhouses, 2010). Marketing Proposal Mix The proper use of 7 Ps is very essential for internet marketing and when used properly, they can make a significant difference in online business. Therefore, to attract customers for the Trust, management should understand these policies and use them for the following reasons. Increase website traffic: To increase the internet traffic, the language used by the website must be easy and comprehendible to the viewers. By using the promotional strategies for the trust on the web, and advertising the places for the trust, you can surely gather the potential customer. The basic idea behind the increase in the traffic of website is to have an effective content on the site. Keeping in mind the element of people and place from the marketing mix, the trust should hire competent people who can make the site interactive for the user. It can also be done by making small a documentary on the places they handle (Snack, 2011). This might increase the budget of hiring but it can be recovered when business will be generated The other way to increase traffic on the site is to utilize the place, website, properly. Let people share information and their experiences about the trust places. Through this, the pro cess will be enhanced; they will remain engaged with the website and will come to know about the recent updates and offers made by the trust. Moreover, the management should keep on changing the features and content of the site so the user does not feel monotony. The anticipated outcome from these activities is to increase the viewership and the traffic on the site with little expenditure from the budget (Snack, 2011). Followers become advocates for the trust People who are passionate about the trust can become its best advocate. They can only become loyal customers if the Trust manages to give them the services they have promised them online. The Trust can make people their advocate if they manage to provide incentives to the people who will bring other customers for the Trust. These incentives can depend on the ratio of the business that they are bringing in; these customers can get free tickets to a national place or they can get discount of some events they want to hold in the T rust’s property. Through the proper planning, with very little investment the trust can play with Product and Pricing for the Promotion. The anticipated outcome form this is; the Trust can gain more customers with little investment. Thus, it will raise the income column of the budget sheet. Visit national Trust of Scotland or purchase from online store: It is generally

Globalization within my Community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Globalization within my Community - Essay Example The term â€Å"globalization† is of rather recent vintage (traceable to academic commentators in the 1970s), and has come to convey a variety of political, economic and cultural connotations (Scheuerman, 2006). Contemporary notions of â€Å"globalization† have transcended the purely economic approach of Karl Marx, or the spatial concept of the annihilation of distance by John Dewey. Instead today, it implies the attributes of deterritorialization, which refers to a delinking of activity from its site, of social activities taking place irrespective of geographical location of the participants, or across vast distances between them, such as is made possible by electronic means of communication. Secondly, globalization also implies the growth of social interconnectedness across geographical and political boundaries, which are not haphazard but predictable and regular. This entails the effect of events and activities in distant places that exert a force and impact on local and regional endeavors far removed from the origin of the activity (Tomlinson, 1999 in Scheuerman, 2006), an example of which is the networks of financial institutions and markets that make possible international business activity . Thirdly, globalization also refers to the speed or velocity of social activity, which refers to the time element while deterritorialization and interconnectedness which were concerned with the spatial element. Fourthly, globalization is a long-term process, yielding persistent and relatively permanent effects in the social context. Finally globalization is a multi-pronged process that affect economic, political and cultural arenas of social life, as previously mentioned. Somewhat removed from the metropolitan areas of New York City and downstate New York, my community is commonly referred to as rural, evoking visions of pastoral settings, picturesque small towns and quaint family

Analyzing Historical Documents

Analyzing Historical Documents ANALYSIS: DOCUMENT A The document is an account of the Allied defeat in Norway, owing to what is known as the â€Å"Phony War† phase of World War II (WWII) wherein Britain and France went on the defense instead of engaging the Germans on the Western front. The document also outlines the now-reviled outcome of the European policy of German appeasement in the skirmishes leading up to the war. It details the failure of the infamous British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain in curbing German aggression, especially after the Allied loss of Scandinavia in the 1940s. The voice of the document’s author is one that was far too muted in the onset of the war; it laments Europe and Britain’s underestimation of German capabilities and the situation on the ground. Following the invasion of Poland on September 1st, 1939, most of the Allied forces were slow to react. Britain and France were the only two nations in Western Europe to attack Germany right away; the Soviets had actually gone as far as to sign a treaty of non-aggression with the Nazis, welcomed by Hitler as a means of consolidating the war into a single European front. European general appeasement of Germany was shocking; even the Scandinavians who would later fall under the flag of the swastika did not venture to defend themselves. With the exception of what would become the dominated Norwegian armies, Scandinavia fell despite British and French aide. European inaction and failure to mobilize cost the Allies dearly, with Germany easily able to repel the French and send the Allied forces reeling. The reluctance of Europeans to answer the call to war was lamented by scholars throughout the continent, but was accentuated by the fact that none of the countries attempted to stop Germany until the Nazis came within striking distance. The British were especially awed by German military prowess as most of the German conquests were by land and air, avoiding the powerful British navy. The document’s speaker is harshly critical of what it perceived as European self-obstruction, pointing towards the British Prime Minister’s attempts to control the damage done to his reputation. Defending the outcome of the German sacking of Scandinavia, the British Prime Minister â€Å"gave a reasoned argumentative case for failure,† citing heavy German losses as a sort of ironic victory in defeat. The speaker first chides the Prime Minister as wars are not â€Å"won by explanation of an event† but rather decisive â€Å"and swift action.† Lamenting the talks in which Europe took part, the speaker’s voice is harshly critical of the Prime Minister’s touting of a victory that was not, in his/her eyes, significant in the least. The Scandinavian front was the last in which Britain could effectively make significant use of its Navy, its most powerful military branch. The document continues to call for a swift change in government as â€Å" wartime leaders† are not good in peace and vice versa. The speaker claims that the â€Å"duty of the government† is to exhibit the kind of leadership necessary to â€Å"win a war† rather than simply deconstruct why it failed. While the speaker is assured that â€Å"procrastination† is a â€Å"virtue† in politics, he argues that peacetime lawmakers do not understand its damning effect in war. The document is a remarkably reliable historical source as it goes into the foreign policy aspect of WWII, which is largely ignored in most historical accounts of the war that involve significant military victories or successful rebellions. The disgust the speaker has for the appeasement policies of his own government, in addition to the inability exhibited by the Prime Minister once he actually assumed a military state was an insurmountable affront to the war effort and the desire of peace throughout the land. Document A is also important is it predicates the ascension of Churchill to a combination of both military and political failures. The document is perhaps the more important to the student of history than the other two, for the specific reason that it touches on so many different dimensions of history, from the military to that of the political and the greater good. Not only does document deconstruct the military inefficacies in the first part of the war, but it also shows the pivotal point of British victory to the instatement of a more hawkish administration than that of the appeasement-endorsing Chamberlain leadership. ANALYSIS: DOCUMENT B The document is a British song about the escalating events in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877, which found Britain in an unconventional allegiance with the Ottoman Turkish Empire. The song is one of nationalism, as is to be expected in wartime arts such as poetry and music. Though the song describes the Turks on neutral terms, it does not go so far as to fully demonize the Russians or paint the Ottoman Empire in a purely positive light. What is most remarkable about the song, however, is that it portrays an Islamic empire on equal terms with a Christian nation. â€Å"Macdermott’s War Song† describes a military struggle that encompassed the collision of two very different worlds. On the one side were the Ottoman Turks, an Islamic Empire that stretched from North Africa through the Arabian peninsula and through the Balkan states. On the other were the Russians, who sought to liberate Bulgaria and other Slavic, Orthodox Christian nations from the clutches of Islamic dhimmitude. The real politic on the part of the Russians was of course to establish a line of satellite states so as to get access to the trade-rich Mediterranean, a course of action which did not easily fool Russia’s Western European counterparts. Concerned also with the Turks’ brutal suppression of Slavic rebellions, European nations soundly denounced Ottoman military conduct, which also helped gain Russia several allies in its campaign against the Turks. Despite the familiar call to â€Å"liberate† Christianity from the dominance of imperial Is lam, other states such as France and Great Britain were not quick to heed the call to a unified European (or Christian) front, as trade relations warranted a departure from traditional conclusions of Muslim-Christian relations. The Russo-Turkish War marked one of the only times in European history that one Christian nation allied itself with a Muslim nation in order to stave off the growth and expansion of another Christian sovereignty. Longtime trading partners with the Ottomans, the British Empire wasted little time in establishing a protectorate role of the Ottoman state, a position which obviously did not set well with London’s one-time Russian ally. The war, however, did not escalate in the terms of the World War (WWI) as the alliances which were followed were largely extemporaneous, as was the actual military campaign which resulted in Ottoman recognition of the liberty of the Balkan states. â€Å"Macdermott’s war song† depicts the Russian Empire as â€Å"the rugged Russian bear,† strategically describing Moscow as â€Å"bent on blood and robbery†. Alluding to the Anglo-Russian war of 1807, the song laments having to wage war but insists that â€Å"a thrashing now and again† was not enough â€Å"to tame that brute† whose aggression against Turkey was not out of compassion for the Balkans but a part of Moscow’s â€Å"same old game† of plundering and territorial gain. Cognizant of Britons’ reluctance to side with Muslim Turks, â€Å"Macdermott’s War Song† capitalizes on a sense of competition; fighting with the Turks was not to defend the Ottoman possessions such as Constantinople, Bulgaria, or the Balkan states, but rather a means of stifling Russian imperial competition. The song assures the British people by insisting that Britain had â€Å"the ships, the men, and the money† to wage a su ccessful war against Moscow. The song cleverly diverts attention to Turkish atrocities by conceding that while â€Å"misdeeds of the Turks [had] been spouted through all lands†, the Russians were surely not innocent of atrocities themselves. By pointing to historic massacres on Russian sovereignty, the British made morally defensible the Turkish position by showing that while they were a foreign force, their brutality would be no different than that of the Russians. In proving Russia’s inability to show â€Å"spotless hands,† the song illustrated the fact that Turks were different, but their â€Å"quarrel [was] just† and they should therefore be â€Å"thrice armed† against the specter of Russian aggression. The song is a reliable historic source, as it shows how British culture had evolved from one of religious affiliation to nationalist interests. Simple actions such as contemplating and making an argument for the support of Turkey reflects a huge shift in British international policy; though the song is not specific in its historical content regarding dates and events, it is historically indispensable as a measure of British national interests. While the student of the history of Britain and the 19th century world would find the song useful, its substance is not substantial enough to determine whether the song is a reflection of a singular frame of mind or if the song is indicative of a cohesive national conscience. ANALYSIS: DOCUMENT C The document is part of a newspaper article dating to 1842. It served as almost a technological update for the greater community, describing the latest in sewage disposal. The article introduces the new system in a favorable light, as funding for it almost certainly would have cost the local population. Consequently, its purpose and specifications were presented as universally applicable, its functionality and efficiency available for all to take advantage. The document presented is one that exemplifies the massive effects of the Industrial Revolution and their reach throughout all aspects of society. The article is not only historically valuable, but it also serves as a reliable historical source for the student of the Industrial Revolution. From a historical perspective, the article came at just as the British Industrial Revolution began to grow in magnitude and pace. 1842 marked a time when the British Empire began to escalate its operations, using its colonies and territories to expand and evolve its domestic economy. With industrialization came the expansion of the middle class to include not only those between lower and upper classes, but also to accommodate an explosion in population. The economy was compartmentalized, changing the face of cities across the nation as technology both industrial and medical technologies broadened in scope and availability. From an ecological (not to mention hygienic) perspective, Britain could not support the burgeoning population explosion that occurred between the 19th and 20th century. With memories of the Black Plague instilled in the public conscience, the impetus of technological application and advancement would rarely be felt as urgently as in other areas of the Industrial Re volution. With the population exploding and birth fatalities reducing each year, sewage systems were a vital part in the sustenance of sanitation in the expanding population of British urban hubs. Sewage systems not only alleviated the concern of many for the facilitation of industrialization, it also reassured the people that they had equal footing in a newly-egalitarian society where class was increasingly diminished in importance. New advancements were usually only available to the upper class, and the sewage system represented a unifying force in the road to industrialization. Several references in the text signify the process of industrialization and the advancement of technology. The â€Å"200 water closets and similar places† gives the impression of a society implementing modern plumbing, a reflection of advancement and population expansion. The allusion to the â€Å"common drains† reflects the mass expansion of residences as well as the population explosion, suggesting a population that grows faster than commercial construction can accommodate. Common drains also were present in factories, agricultural collectives, and mills in which the growing middle class worked. That they shared common drains also suggests that the amount of people living in close proximity to each other increased. The sewage system mentioned also serves several different venues, ranging from â€Å"the infirmary† to â€Å"slaughter houses† and â€Å"manufactories,† reflecting a great diversity of industry in one area in a short span of time. Most notable of the service areas mentioned is the infirmary, a non-industrial compound itself but one whose sewage output warranted use of a significant sewage duct or system. If the sewage output from an infirmary could rival that of â€Å"pig manure, dung-hills, slaughterhouses, and manufactories,† there would have to be a huge growth in population and thus an increase in patient input to the hospital in question. Of the industrialized sources mentioned, the slaughterhouses and pig manure makes note of industrialization’s spread to the agricultural domain as well as the centralization of industries in urban hubs as opposed to the rural section of the country. The document proves to be reliable as an historical source in the depth of the areas it mentions. However, most of the useful facts one may draw from the article are purely speculative without academic resources or prior knowledge of industrialization to corroborate conclusions. The specific numbers listed—the â€Å"200 water closets† and â€Å"30,000,000 gallons per annum of the mass filth†Ã¢â‚¬â€are indicative of mass expansion both technologically and from a population consensus standpoint. However, the article serves less as a historical account as it does a representative literature focused on the transition between the feudal age (with reference to the medical leeches) and the Industrial Era. The document is valuable to the student of the Industrial Revolution; however, it should be taken as a reflection of one aspect of a transitive period more than a description of the Industrial Revolution as a monolithic whole. BIBLIOGRAPHY More, Charles. (2000) Understanding the Industrial Revolution. London: Routledge.

Potbelly’s Case Essay

1. Potbelly’s strategy in terms of product and market are to provide great food and a friendly atmosphere. As far as their product goes even their CEO Keil says that anybody can make and sell a sandwich. What strategy they use is by using quality ingredients and a superior value. Their strategy towards the market is to provide a fun, unique experience to their customers. Their previous attempts as far as product goes was to sell antiques along with their sandwich shop, kind of the same approach as a cracker barrel. It seems the sandwiches become a more important part of their revenue. The antiques became more of decoration then sale items. The past market was very small just having one sandwich shop owned by a couple. With the purchase of the shop they quickly started a chain of restaurants and have opened a lot of locations just recently. 2. Potbelly’s position strategy seems to have been starting small in one area while making a name for itself. In its first five years all the locations opened were in Chicago, Illinois. After they had built a reputation they moved into Washington D.C. This seems to be an attempt to stay in major cities to increase their reputation. The nation’s capital is one of the many major travel destinations for work. This way the businessmen of Chicago can get the sandwiches they love even away from home. The next year instead of branching out to the other major business travel cities, for example, New York, Atlanta, Dallas, and Los Angeles, Potbelly took the approach that many other chains take. There central location was Chicago, Illinois; from there they spread into neighboring states, Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. Like mentioned earlier most chains take this approach until they are nationwide. A lot of grocery stores northerners are familiar with will not be found as the y head further south just as southerners will not find the same stores they are used to shopping at when they head north. The next year it opened locations in some of those same states and spread to Indiana as well as another major business travel destination, Texas. In the more recent years they have built more locations in the already occupied states while spreading to neighboring state Ohio. From this point they have made a good name for themselves and have over 100 locations; with the reputation the company has I am sure they will continue to spread their market. Their original locations are located in Northern Mid America, they did not start on one coast and try to spread to the other, this will help extremely with them being a nationwide chain and in the coming years will probably start seeing Potbelly’s as far east as New York, as far south as Georgia, and west into the mid-western states. 3. Potbelly’s environmental opportunities in the external environment would probably include their original location and how much easier it is to spread from the middle of the country rather than the corner or coastline of the United States. The threats Potbelly’s would face more importantly is the competition. There are many well established chains of sandwich shops in the United States including, Sub-way, Quiznos, Panera Bread, Jimmy John’s, and Schlotzsky’s Deli to name a few. When moving into a new market promotion is a key element as the market the company does not know the companies name and would rather go with what they know. Potbelly offers promotions and a great atmosphere that may be able to take some of these competitors business. Subway for example does not use quality ingredients, nor does it have any sort of friendly atmosphere for around the same price. It should be very easy for Potbelly’s to take business away from them. For Potbelly’s to maintain its antique setup and friendly atmosphere they will require excellent management expanding into these new markets. I do not see any reason for Potbelly’s to change their strategy at this time. Changing the way they do business, either the looks of the restaurants or the friendly workers would take away from why people will choose them in the first place over their already known sandwich shops.

Ratio Analysis

Though there are innumerable literatures available on the subject, the most appropriate studies have been reviewed. Dr. Promod Kumar published a book in 1991 â€Å"Analysis of financial statement of Indian Industries† The study covered the 17 private sector, 5 state owned public sector and 1 central public sector companies. He studied analysis of activities, assessment of profitability, return on capital investment, analysis of financial structure, analysis of fixed assets and working capital.In his research he revealed various problems of industries and suggested remedies for the problems. He also suggested for the improvement of profitability and techniques of cost control. 1Ahindra Chakrabati published an articles â€Å"Performance of public sector enterprises a Case study on fertilizers† in â€Å"The Indian journal of public enterprise† in the year 1988-89. He made analysis of consumption and production of fertilizer by public sector; he also made analysis of profit and loss statement. He gave suggestion to improve the overall performance of public enterprise. In the year of 2002, Dr. Sugan C. Jain has written a book on â€Å"Performance appraisal automobile industry† In his study he has analyses the performance of the automobile industry and presented comparative study of some national and international units. The operational efficiency and profitability had been analyzed using the composite index approach. He made several suggestions from the strengthening the financial soundness improving profitability, working capital the performance of fixed assets. 3 Recently in the year 1998 a study was made by S.J. parmar on â€Å"Financial Efficiency-Modern methods, tools & Techniques† for the period from 1998-89 to 1994-95. He had made an attempt to analyze financial strength, liquidity, profitability, cost and sales trend and social welfare trend by using various ratios analysis, common size analysis and value added analysis. He made several suggestions for the improvement of profitability of industry. In his analysis, he indicates various reasons for higher cost, low profitability, and inefficient use of internal resources. Dr Sanjay Bhayani published a book in 2003, â€Å"Practical financial statement analysis† The study covered 16 public limited cement companies in private sector. He made study of analysis of profitability, working capital, capital structure and activity of Indian cement industry. In his research he revealed various problems of cement industries and suggested remedies for the problems. He also suggested for the improvement of profitability and techniques of cost control. Ram Kumar,Kakani Biswatosh saha and V. N. Reddy has written research paper on Determinants of Financial Performance of Indian Corporate Sector in the Post-Liberalization Era: An Exploratory Study. This paper attempts to provide an empirical validation of the widely held existing theories on the determinants of fi rm performance in the Indian context. The study uses financial statement and capital market data of 566 large Indian firms over a time frame of eight years divided into two sub-periods (viz. 1992-96, and 1996-2000) to study Indian firms' financial performance across various dimensions viz. , shareholder value, accounting profitability and its components, growth and risk of the sample firms. It reveals that even on the same data, the determinants of market-based performance measures and accounting-based performance measures differ due to influence of ‘Capital Market Conditions'. We found that size, marketing expenditure, and international diversification had a positive relation with a firm's market valuation.Apart from these firm attributes that reflect either operating parameters of firms or ‘strategic choice' of firm managers, we also found that a firm's ownership composition, particularly the level of equity ownership by Domestic Financial Institutions and Dispersed Pu blic Shareholders, and the leverage of the firm were important factors affecting its financial performance. The different implications of the findings for various stakeholders of a firm are also discussed. 6Dutts S. K has written an article on â€Å"Indian tea industry an appraisal† which was published in Management accountant in the year of March 1992.He analyzed the profitability, liquidity and financial efficiency by using various ratios. 7 Objectives of the study  · To evaluate the financial performance of the selected units of Pharmaceutical industry  · To compare the financial results of the Pharmaceutical industry as Dr Reddy's Laboratories Ltd and Lupin Ltd  · To enquire the adequacy or the accounting information desired from the statement in conformity with laid down accounting statements by the institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI).  · To study the growth of the said companies To give suggestion for best financing method and efficient utilizatio n of fixed assets METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY: Source of the data: â€Å"Comparative Financial statement Analysis & Innovation in Private sector Pharmaceutical Companies in India† has been made by using data from financial statements of all five major players in cement industry, they are – Dr Reddy's Laboratories Ltd. (Dr. RDL), Ambuja Lupin Ltd. (LL), the period of the study was ten years from 2001 to 2010. The data was collected from cpitaline database and from the annual reports of the respective companies.Hypothesis for the study: For the present study tested following null hypotheses are tested-  · Ho1: The Dr Reddy's Laboratories Ltd. did not achieve better profitability than Lupine Ltd.  · Ho2: The Dr Reddy's Laboratories Ltd. did not achieve better liquidity than Lupine Ltd.  · Ho3: The Dr Reddy's Laboratories Ltd. did not achieve better turnover than Lupine Ltd. Scope of the study: the study Comparative Financial statement Analysis & Innovation in Private s ector Pharmaceutical Companies in India.The study therefore includes financial structure performance, working capital performance, and Profitability performance but excludes non-financial areas such as production, marketing, personnel and R& D from its purview. Techniques used for analysis: The data have been analyzed with the help of ratio analysis, trend analysis, common size analysis-T test to test the relation among different ratios of two selected companies. Limitation of the study: In order to facilitate uniformity in data, years have been readjusted and the data have been recast as on 31st March of each year.The figure taken from the annual reports have been rounded off to two decimals of rupees in crores. The data available in financial statements have been translated in to a pre-designed structure format so that a meaningful interpretation could be made through inter-firm and intra firm comparisons. The format in which the data have been classified is selected after careful consideration of the operation Pharmaceutical Companies. Nevertheless, the limitations do in no way act as a deterrent in drawing effective and meaningful inferences from the studyAnalysis of the data: for knowing Comparative Financial statement Analysis & Innovation in Private sector Pharmaceutical Companies in India the commonly used ratio: fixed Gross profit, Net profit, Return on capital employed, Return on Net worth and Earning per share, Current ratio, Debtors Velocity (Days), Creditors Velocity (Days), Debt equity ratio and Interest coverage ratio, Inventory turnover Ratio, Debtors Turnover Ratio and Total Assets Turnover Ratio Analysis and interpretation: Table-1 Profitability Ratios of Dr Reddy's Laboratories Ltd & Lupine Ltd. Gross profit Net profit ROC RON EPS Year Dr. RDL Lupin Ltd. Dr.RDL Lupin Ltd. Dr. RD Lupin Ltd. Dr. RD Lupin Ltd. Dr. RD Lupin Ltd. 2001 22. 16 9. 25 19 6. 65 31. 5 23. 02 29. 23 31. 13 45. 32 201. 66 2002 33. 1 12. 49 32. 39 7. 54 42. 06 16. 64 45. 71 22. 07 59. 56 17. 42 2003 30. 78 12. 2 28. 34 7. 3 26. 44 16. 05 24. 02 20. 3 50. 6 17. 44 2004 21. 55 19. 07 20. 4 12. 48 15. 61 27. 1 14. 7 36. 14 36. 37 23. 76 2005 7. 9 9. 77 9. 19 6. 96 2. 19 12. 75 2. 77 17. 79 7. 85 20. 09 2006 16. 27 16. 29 14. 12 11 9. 24 20. 86 8. 57 31. 93 26. 82 44. 61 2007 37. 06 16. 27 32. 39 10. 53 35. 94 19. 39 35. 47 27. 89 69. 45 36. 75 2008 21. 63 19. 27 18. 47 13. 53 12. 01 23. 85 10. 35 32. 02 27. 2 52. 31 2009 21. 77 18. 28 17. 8 14. 17 13. 55 22. 29 11. 14 30. 97 32. 25 48. 22 2010 28. 77 21. 56 23. 52 17. 7 17. 79 25. 6 15. 14 33. 23 48. 25 70. 7 Total 240. 99 154. 45 215. 62 107. 86 206. 33 207. 55 197. 1 283. 47 404. 09 532. 96 Average 24. 099 15. 445 21. 562 10. 786 20. 633 20. 755 19. 71 28. 347 40. 409 53. 296 Min 7. 9 9. 25 9. 19 6. 65 2. 19 12. 75 2. 77 17. 79 7. 85 17. 42 Max 37. 06 21. 56 32. 39 17. 7 42. 06 27. 1 45. 71 36. 14 69. 45 201. 66 Sources: Data has been taken from annual reports The gross profit ratio of Dr. RDL was 22 . 16 % in 2001 which went down in to 7. 9% in 2005 but it rose up to 28. 7% in last years of the study period. The ratio ranged between 7. 9% in 2005 to 37. 06% in 2007. The ratio showed highly fluctuated trend during the study period. The average gross profit ratio was 24. 09% indicated. The gross profit ratio of Lupin Ltd. showed highly fluctuated trend during the study period with an average of 15. 45%. The ratio was the highest in the year of 2010 and very lowest 2001. T-test T-Test: Calculated value of gross profit ratio is 2. 86 Tabulated value at 5% significant value=1. 73 d. e. f. = 18 at 5% of level of significance t cal ; t tab Hence hypothesis is rejected. The Net profit ratio of Dr.RDL was 19% in the year of 2001 and increased to 32. 39% in the year of 2002. The ratio went down to 28. 34% in year of 2003. The ratio was very low of 9. 19% during the year of 2005 and very highest during the year of 2002. The average ratio was 21. 56% with fluctuated trend. The Net profit r atio of Lupin Ltd. was 6. 65 % in 2001 which went down in to 6. 96% in 2005 but it rose up to 17. 7% in last years of the study period. The ratio ranged between 6. 65% in 2001 to 17. 7% in 2010. The ratio showed highly fluctuated trend during the study period. The average gross profit ratio was 10. 78% indicated. T-testCalculated value of net profit ratio is 4. 01 Tabulated value at 5% significant value= 1. 73 d. e. f. = 18 at 5% of level of significance t cal ; t tab Hence hypothesis is rejected. The return on capital employed ratio was 31. 5% in 2001 which went down to 9. 24 % in the year of 2006 and also went down to 13. 55% and 17. 79 during the years of 2009 and 2010 respectively. The ratio ranged between 2. 19% in year of 2005to 42. 06% in the year of 2002. The ratio showed down ward trend with an average of 20. 63%. The return on capital employed of Lupin Ltd was showing much fluctuated trend during the year study period.The average ratio was 20. 76 in the Lupin Ltd which sho wed fluctuated trend during the study period. The ratio was 23. 02% in year of 2001 and 20. 86% in year of 2006 and 25. 6% during the last year of study period. The ratio has gone down due to decreased in volume of sales. The sales have gone down since price rise took place in market. T-test Calculated value of return on capital employed ratio is 0. 028 Tabulated value at 5% significant value= 1. 73 d. e. f. = 18 at 5% of level of significance t cal ; t tab Hence hypothesis is accepted. The Return on net worth ratio of Dr. RDL was 29. 3% in 2001 which went down in to 8. 57% in 2006 but it rose up to 15. 14% in last years of the study period. The ratio ranged between 2. 77% in 2005 to 45. 71% in 2002. The ratio showed highly fluctuated trend during the study period. The average gross profit ratio was indicated19. 71%. The Return on net worth ratio of Lupin Ltd. showed highly fluctuated trend during the study period with an average of 28. 347%. The ratio ranged between 17. 79% in 2005 to 36. 14% in 2004. T-test Calculated value of Return on net worth ratio is 1. 84 Tabulated value at 5% significant value= 1. 73 d. e. f. = 18 at 5% of level of significance cal ; t tab Hence hypothesis is rejected. Earnings per share of Dr. RDL were Rs. 45. 32 in the year of 2001 and Rs 59. 56 in the year of 59. 56. The EPS went down to 50. 6 in the year of 2003 and Rs 36. 37 in the year 2004 and Rs. 7. 85 in the year of 2005. The EPS rose to 69. 45 in the year 2007and again went down to 27. 62 in 2008. The EPS Rs. 48. 25 during the last year of study period. The average ESP was 40. 41 with downward trend during the study period. The EPS was 201. 66 in Lupin Ltd. and went down to 20. 09 in the year of 2005 and reached down to 70. 7 during the last year of study period.The EPS showed lower level of EPS due to less utilization of financial leverage. T-test Calculated value of Earnings per share is 0. 70 Tabulated value at 5% significant value= 1. 73 d. e. f. = 18 at 5% of level of s ignificance t cal ; t tab Hence hypothesis is accepted. Table-2 Liquidity ratio of Dr. RDL and Lupin Ltd. Current ratio Debtors Velocity (Days) Creditors Velocity (Days) Year Dr. RDL Lupin Ltd. Dr. RDL Lupin Ltd. Dr. RDL Lupin Ltd. 2001 1. 69 1. 82 48 47 76 27 2002 3. 09 1. 74 54 61 79 35 2003 4. 86 1. 58 60 62 82 36 2004 3. 73 1. 34 60 66 85 38 2005 2. 49 1. 1 60 56 90 34 2006 1. 5 1. 38 59 57 94 35 2007 2. 21 1. 68 66 63 105 38 2008 3. 05 1. 53 85 69 109 42 2009 3. 15 1. 24 79 77 110 45 2010 2. 44 1. 27 100 81 120 52 Total 28. 56 14. 68 671 639 950 382 Average 2. 856 1. 468 63 62 92 37 Min 1. 69 1. 1 48 47 76 27 Max 4. 86 1. 82 100 81 120 52 Sources: Data has been taken from annual reports In year 2001 Dr. RDL has 1. 69 as its current ratio and after that it continuously increased from 3. 09 to 4. 86 in the year of 2002 and 2003 respectively. But in year 2004, 2005 & 2006 it also showed negative changes but it moves from 2. 21 to 3. 05 in year 2007 and 2008 respectively.In the yea r 2009 and 2010 it shows again little fluctuated with an average of 2. 85. In year 2001 Lupin Ltd has 1. 82 as its current ratio and after that it continuously decreased from 1. 74 to 1. 58 in the year of 2002 and 2003 respectively. But in year 2004, 2005 & 2006 it also showed negative changes but it moves down from 1. 68 to 1. 53 in year 2007 and 2008 respectively. In the year 2009 and 2010 it shows again little fluctuated with an average of 1. 46. T-test Calculated value of current ratio is 4. 50 Tabulated value at 5% significant value= 1. 73 d. e. f. = 18 at 5% of level of significance cal ; t tab Hence hypothesis is rejected. In year 2001 Dr. RDL has 48 days as its Debtors Velocity (Days) and after that it continuously increased from 54 (Days) to 60 in the year of 2002 and 2003 respectively. But in year 2004, 2005 & 2006 it also showed negative changes but it moves down from 66 days to 85 in year 2007 and 2008 respectively. In the year 2009 and 2010 it shows again little fluctua tions with an average of 63 days. In year 2001 Lupin Ltd. has 47 days as its Debtors Velocity (Days) and after that it continuously increased from 61 (Days) to 62 in the year of 2002 and 2003 respectively.But in year 2004, 2005 & 2006 it also showed negative changes but it moves up from 63 days to 69 in year 2007 and 2008 respectively. In the year 2009 and 2010 it shows again little fluctuations with an average of 62 days. T-test Calculated value of Debtors Velocity (Days) is 0. 3 Tabulated value at 5% significant value= 1. 73 d. e. f. = 18 at 5% of level of significance t cal ; t tab Hence hypothesis is accepted. In year 2001 Dr. RDL 76 days as its Creditors Velocity (Days) and after that it continuously increased from 79 (Days) to 82 in the year of 2002 and 2003 respectively.But in year 2004, 2005 & 2006 it also showed negative changes but it moves down from 105 days to 109 days in year 2007 and 2008 respectively. In the year 2009 and 2010 it shows again little fluctuations with a n average of 92 days. In year 2001 Lupin Ltd. 27 days as its Creditors Velocity (Days) and after that it continuously increased from 35 (Days) to 36 days in the year of 2002 and 2003 respectively. But in year 2004, 2005 & 2006 it also showed positives changes but it moves down from 38 days to 42 days in year 2007 and 2008 respectively. In the year 2009 and 2010 it shows again little fluctuations with an average of 37 days.T-test Calculated value of Creditors Velocity (Days) is 10. 83 Tabulated value at 5% significant value= 1. 73 d. e. f. = 18 at 5% of level of significance t cal ; t tab Hence hypothesis is rejected. Leverage Ratios of Dr. RDL & Lupin Ltd. Table-3 Leverage Ratios of Dr. RDL & Lupin Ltd. Debt equity ratio Interest coverage ratio Year Dr. RDL Lupin Ltd. Dr. RD Lupin Ltd. 2001 0. 56 1. 79 5. 05 2. 09 2002 0. 19 1. 88 34. 27 2. 55 2003 0. 01 1. 77 72. 27 2. 53 2004 0. 02 1. 24 72. 71 4. 89 2005 0. 08 0. 86 3. 82 4. 12 2006 0. 28 1. 18 10. 39 8. 6 2007 0. 19 1. 16 27. 29 8. 65 2008 0. 09 0. 83 40. 74 13. 99 2009 0. 11 0. 71 27. 62 2. 35 2010 0. 11 0. 47 68. 8 25. 97 Total 1. 64 11. 89 362. 96 85. 74 Average 0. 16 1. 19 36. 30 8. 57 Min 0. 01 0. 47 3. 82 2. 09 Max 0. 56 1. 88 72. 71 25. 97 Sources: Data has been taken from annual reports The Debt equity ratio of Dr. RDL was 0. 56 in 2001 which went down in to 0. 28 in 2006 but it went down to 0. 11 in last years of the study period. The ratio ranged between 0. 01 in 2003 to 0. 56 in 2001. The ratio showed highly fluctuated trend during the study period. The average Debt equity ratio was indicated 0. 16. In year 2001 Lupin Ltd. 1. 79 as its Debt equity ratio and after that it continuously decreased from 1. 8 to 1. 77 days in the year of 2002 and 2003 respectively. But in year 2004, 2005 & 2006 it also showed positives changes but it moves down from 1. 16 to 0. 83 in year 2007 and 2008 respectively. In the year 2009 and 2010 it shows again little fluctuations with an average of 1. 19 days. T-test Calc ulated value of Debt equity ratio is 6. 28 Tabulated value at 5% significant value= 1. 73 d. e. f. = 18 at 5% of level of significance t cal ; t tab Hence hypothesis is rejected. Interest coverage ratio of Dr. RDL was 5. 05 in the year of 2001 and Rs 3. 82 in the year of 2006. The Interest coverage ratio went up to 72. 7 in the year of 2003 and 72. 71 in the year 2004 and 3. 82 in the year of 2005. The Interest coverage ratio rose to 27. 29 in the year 2007and again went up to 40. 74in 2008. The Interest coverage ratio was 68. 8 during the last year of study period. The average Interest coverage ratio was 36. 30 with upward trend during the study period. In year 2001 Lupin Ltd. 2. 09 as its Debt equity ratio and after that it continuously decreased from 2. 55 to 2. 53 in the year of 2002 and 2003 respectively. But in year 2004, 2005 & 2006 it also showed negatives changes but it moves down from 8. 65 to 13. 99 in year 2007 and 2008 respectively.In the year 2009 and 2010 it shows aga in little fluctuations with an average of 8. 57. T-test Calculated value of Interest coverage ratio is 3. 13 Tabulated value at 5% significant value= 1. 73 d. e. f. = 18 at 5% of level of significance t cal ; t tab Hence hypothesis is rejected. Table-4 Turnover ratio of Dr. RDL and Lupin Ltd. Inventory Turnover Ratio Debtors Turnover Ratio Total Assets Turnover Ratio Year Dr. RDL Lupin Ltd. Dr. RDL Lupin Ltd. Dr. RDL Lupin Ltd. 2001 8. 65 11. 3 4. 76 5. 39 1. 03 1. 6 2002 9. 01 6. 61 4. 29 3. 06 0. 99 1. 32 2003 7. 44 7. 02 3. 64 2. 75 0. 92 1. 29 2004 6. 99 6. 74 3. 97 3. 89 0. 88 1. 7 2005 5. 79 5. 23 3. 78 5. 37 0. 85 1. 31 2006 5. 64 5. 95 4. 21 5. 69 0. 82 1. 28 2007 8. 69 5. 7 4. 94 4. 9 0. 75 1. 14 2008 6. 11 5. 08 3. 53 4. 7 0. 65 1. 09 2009 6. 16 4. 39 3. 66 4. 39 0. 64 0. 99 2010 5. 57 5. 13 3. 66 4. 51 0. 59 0. 94 Total 70. 05 63. 15 40. 44 44. 65 8. 12 12. 23 Average 7. 005 6. 315 4. 044 4. 465 0. 812 1. 223 Min 5. 57 4. 39 3. 53 2. 75 0. 59 0. 94 Max 9. 01 11. 3 4. 94 5 . 69 1. 03 1. 6 Sources: Data has been taken from annual reports In year 2001 Dr. RDL 8. 65 as its Inventory Turnover Ratio and after that it continuously decreased from 9. 01 to 7. 44 in the year of 2002 and 2003 respectively.But in year 2004, 2005 & 2006 it also showed negatives changes but it moves down from 8. 69 to 6. 11 in year 2007 and 2008 respectively. In the year 2009 and 2010 it shows again little fluctuations with an average of 7. 01. In year 2001 Lupin Ltd. 11. 3 as its Inventory Turnover Ratio and after that it continuously increased from 6. 61 to 7. 02 in the year of 2002 and 2003 respectively. But in year 2004, 2005 & 2006 it also showed trend with ups and downs but it moves down from 5. 7 to 5. 08 in year 2007 and 2008 respectively. In the year 2009 and 2010 it shows again little fluctuations with an average of 6. 2. Calculated value of Inventory Turnover Ratio is 0. 72 Tabulated value at 5% significant value= 1. 73 d. e. f. = 18 at 5% of level of significance t cal ; t tab Hence hypothesis is accepted. In year 2001 Dr. RDL. 4. 76 as its Debtors Turnover Ratio and after that it continuously decreased from 4. 29 to 3. 64 in the year of 2002 and 2003 respectively. But in year 2004, 2005 & 2006 it also showed trend with upward movements but it moves down from 4. 94 to 3. 53 in year 2007 and 2008 respectively. In the year 2009 and 2010 it shows again little fluctuations with an average of 4. 04.In year 2001 Lupin Ltd. 5. 39 as its Debtors Turnover Ratio and after that it continuously decreased from 3. 06 to 2. 75 in the year of 2002 and 2003 respectively. But in year 2004, 2005 & 2006 it also showed trend with upward movements but it moves down from 4. 9 to 4. 73 in year 2007 and 2008 respectively. In the year 2009 and 2010 it shows again little fluctuations with an average of 4. 47. Calculated value of Debtors Turnover Ratio is 1. 21 Tabulated value at 5% significant value= 1. 73 d. e. f. = 18 at 5% of level of significance t cal ; t tab Hence hy pothesis is accepted. In year 2001 Dr. RDL. 1. 3 as its Total Assets Turnover Ratio and after that it continuously decreased from 0. 99 to 0. 92 in the year of 2002 and 2003 respectively. But in year 2004, 2005 & 2006 it also showed trend with downward movements but it moves down from 0. 75 to 0. 65 in year 2007 and 2008 respectively. In the year 2009 and 2010 it shows again little fluctuations with an average of 0. 81. In year 2001 Lupin Ltd. 1. 6 as its Total Assets Turnover Ratio and after that it continuously decreased from 1. 32 to 1. 29 in the year of 2002 and 2003 respectively. But in year 2004, 2005 & 2006 it also showed trend with upward movements but it moves down from 1. 4 to 1. 09 in year 2007 and 2008 respectively. In the year 2009 and 2010 it shows again little fluctuations with an average of 1. 22. Calculated value of Total Assets Turnover Ratio is 5. 34 Tabulated value at 5% significant value= 1. 73 d. e. f. = 18 at 5% of level of significance t cal ; t tab Hence hyp othesis is rejected. Summary findings and Conclusion The liquidity ratio of Lupin Ltd is highly threatening when compared with Dr. RDL. Thus Lupin Ltd has to control the current liabilities or to increase the current assets so that they can cover all the current liabilities and be in safer position.Thus slightly fluctuations in sales in that situation can not affect the paying capacity of the concern and thus maintain the credibility. The profitability ratio of Dr. RDL is better when it is compared with Lupin Ltd. It can be inferred from the result that Lupin Ltd can expand the business or can move further in newer directions as it is experiencing continuously growth in the profitability. Lupin Ltd has to give a fairer thought to reduce cost in providing services and increasing the turnover so that sustained growth in profitability can be seenReturn on Net Capital Employed is the best test of overall profitability and efficiency of the business firm. A company with high rate of retu rn on capital employed would be in a position to capitalize; e. g. it can take advantage of all favorable market opportunities. The study shows that returns on capital employed in selected units in India had marked a fluctuated trend. The average was 17. 79 and 25. 6 percent in units in India respectively. This ratio was satisfactory. On the whole Dr. DRL had the highest return net on capital employed of As compared to the Lupin ltd.In the light of the above discussion it is suggested that Lupin ltd should undertake cost control measure so that increase net profit before interest and taxes of the company might enhance the return on net capital employed. The solvency ratio also reveals the same track record of an upper hand over Lupin ltd. This position depicts the financial soundness or good financial health of the DR. RDL. In this sector Lupin ltd. has to work hard for providing the financial health in terms of capital also. The turnover ratio of Lupin Ltd. is showing better positi on when compared to DR. RDL. This fact proves that the market size in Lupin Ltd. s far more better than the DR. RDL which in turn is gearing its growth in all the stream. Thus DR. RDL has to work for increasing the market size and customer base so that it can achieve the trend of continuous growth. It can be inferred from the overall financial analysis that Lupin Ltd ltd. has to rethink and device the strategies so that it can lead towards positive way and become the major players. Innovation though financial statement analysis can be seen though mergers and acquisitions and launching of new products and schemes so that enterprise can be proud of being major market players and setter newer and newer goals in the future.Cost accounting and cost audit should be made mandatory for this units and cost sheet along with annual financing statement should be prepared. The policy of borrowed financing in selected Parma group of companies under study was not proper. So the companies should us e widely the borrowed funds and should try to reduce the fixed charges burden gradually by decreasing borrowed funds and by enhancing the owner’s fund. For this purpose companies should enlarge their equity share capital by issuing new equity shares. There has been too much of government interference in policy and day-to-day working and decisions.This leads to delays in decision-making. This should be abolished. There is no incentive to the employees to perform better. Also there is no accountability because no one is held responsible for a failure in achieving targets for this kind of problem responsibility centre should be created. Improper planning and delays in implementation of projects lead to rise in their cost. So properly planning should be made. To regularize and optimize the use of cash balance proper techniques may be adopted for planning and control of cash. The investments in inventories should be reduced and need to introduce a system of prompt collection of de bts.Selected pharma companies should try to use properly their operating assets and should try to minimize their non-operating expenses. To conclude the study, it can be said that the adoption of above measures will doubtlessly help the selected companies to improve their overall performance in the management. With the efficient management of long term fund, selected companies can utilized their capacity optimally and accelerate economic growth of India by increasing the production of pharma product at reasonable cost. References. 1. Dr. Promod Kumar. â€Å"Analysis of financial statement of Indian Industries†Saujaniya Publication Ltd. 1992 2. Ahindra Chakrabati: â€Å"Performance of public sector enterprises a Case study on fertilizers† The Indian journal of public enterprise. 1988-89 3. Dr. Sugan C. Jain: â€Å"Performance appraisal automobile industry† Raj Publishing House, c2002. Jaipur, India 4. Parmar S. J. :â€Å"Financial Efficiency-Modern methods, tool s & Techniques† Raj publication year of publication-2001 5. Dr Sanjay Bhayani: â€Å"Practical financial statement analysis† Raj publication,2003 6. Kakani, Ram Kumar, Saha, Biswatosh and Reddy, V. N.Nagi, Determinants of Financial Performance of Indian Corporate Sector in the Post-Liberalization Era: An Exploratory Study (November 2001). National Stock Exchange of India Limited, NSE Research Initiative Paper No. 5. 7. Dutts S. K has: â€Å"Indian tea industry an appraisal† Management accountant, March-1992 8. Brigham, Eugene. F and Joel F. Houston. â€Å"Fundamentals of Financial Management, Ninth Edition, Harcourt College Publishers, Fort Worth, 2001. 9. Review of Business Research, 2007 by Tarun K. Mukherjee, Prakash Deo. 10. Gitman, L. J. , â€Å"Principles of Management finance,† New York: Harper & Row publishers,1982,p. 81 11. Paton & Paton. , â€Å"Corporation Accounts and statements†, New York: Macmillan Company, 1964, p. 362. 12. Kulshresh tha, N. K. , â€Å"Analysis of Financial statements of Indian Paper industry†, Aligarh: Navman Publishing House, 1972, p. 133. 13. Kulshreshtha, N. K. , Op. cit. , p. 134. 14. Hunt W. and Donaldson, G. , â€Å"Business Finance-text and cases†, Illinois: Richard D. Irwin, 1965, Pp. 114-115. 15. Roy Chowdhar, A. B. , â€Å"Analysis and Interpretation of Financial statements†, New Delhi Orient Longmans, 1970, p. 24. 16. Bogen, J. J. , â€Å"Financial Handbook† New Delhi: The Ronald press, 1957,p. 53. 17. Weston, J. F. and Brigham, E. F. , â€Å"Management finance†, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winton, Inc, . 1972, p. 88. 18. Hingorani, N. L. and Raman than, A. R. , â€Å"Management Accounting†, New Delhi: Sultan Chand & Sons, 1977,p. 115. 19. Srivastava, R. M. , â€Å"Financial Management†, Meerut India: Pragati Prakasjan, 1979, p. 476. 20. Westiwick, C. A. , â€Å"Management: How to use ratios†, Epping Essex: Grower Press Ltd. 19 73,p. 5 21. Bogen, J. J. , Op. cit. Pp. 751-752. 22. Mohsin, M. , â€Å"Financial Planning and Control†; NewDelhi: Vikas publishing House Pvt. Ltd. , 1980, p. 174. 23.Kulshrestha, N. K. Op. cit. , 139. 24. HENDERSON, G. V. , Gurry, J. R. Trnnep Oh. , James E. Wirt. , â€Å"An Introduction to financial Management†, California: Addition-Wesley publishing company, 1984, p. 122. 25. Anthony, R. N. and Reece, J. S. , Op. , cit. , p. 198. 26. Information obtained through unstructured interviews from financial managers of the sample units though telephone. 27. Annual reports of selected cement company from 2003-04 to 2008-09 28. Kennedy, R. D. and Mcmullen, S. Y. , â€Å"Financial statements: Forms analysis and interpretation†, Illnois: Richard D. Irwin inc. 1964, p. 404. Information about this Article Peer-review ratings (from 2 reviews, where a score of 100 represents the ‘average’ level): Originality = 175. 00, importance = 162. 50, overall quality = 16 2. 50 This Article was published on 14th March, 2012 at 18:41:24 and has been viewed 2635 times. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2. 5 License. The full citation for this Article is: Kakkad, R. (2012). Comparative Financial statement Analysis & Innovation in Private sector Pharmaceutical Companies in India-An empirical Analysis. PHILICA. COM Article number 318. Ratio Analysis Though there are innumerable literatures available on the subject, the most appropriate studies have been reviewed. Dr. Promod Kumar published a book in 1991 â€Å"Analysis of financial statement of Indian Industries† The study covered the 17 private sector, 5 state owned public sector and 1 central public sector companies. He studied analysis of activities, assessment of profitability, return on capital investment, analysis of financial structure, analysis of fixed assets and working capital.In his research he revealed various problems of industries and suggested remedies for the problems. He also suggested for the improvement of profitability and techniques of cost control. 1Ahindra Chakrabati published an articles â€Å"Performance of public sector enterprises a Case study on fertilizers† in â€Å"The Indian journal of public enterprise† in the year 1988-89. He made analysis of consumption and production of fertilizer by public sector; he also made analysis of profit and loss statement. He gave suggestion to improve the overall performance of public enterprise. In the year of 2002, Dr. Sugan C. Jain has written a book on â€Å"Performance appraisal automobile industry† In his study he has analyses the performance of the automobile industry and presented comparative study of some national and international units. The operational efficiency and profitability had been analyzed using the composite index approach. He made several suggestions from the strengthening the financial soundness improving profitability, working capital the performance of fixed assets. 3 Recently in the year 1998 a study was made by S.J. parmar on â€Å"Financial Efficiency-Modern methods, tools & Techniques† for the period from 1998-89 to 1994-95. He had made an attempt to analyze financial strength, liquidity, profitability, cost and sales trend and social welfare trend by using various ratios analysis, common size analysis and value added analysis. He made several suggestions for the improvement of profitability of industry. In his analysis, he indicates various reasons for higher cost, low profitability, and inefficient use of internal resources. Dr Sanjay Bhayani published a book in 2003, â€Å"Practical financial statement analysis† The study covered 16 public limited cement companies in private sector. He made study of analysis of profitability, working capital, capital structure and activity of Indian cement industry. In his research he revealed various problems of cement industries and suggested remedies for the problems. He also suggested for the improvement of profitability and techniques of cost control. Ram Kumar,Kakani Biswatosh saha and V. N. Reddy has written research paper on Determinants of Financial Performance of Indian Corporate Sector in the Post-Liberalization Era: An Exploratory Study. This paper attempts to provide an empirical validation of the widely held existing theories on the determinants of fi rm performance in the Indian context. The study uses financial statement and capital market data of 566 large Indian firms over a time frame of eight years divided into two sub-periods (viz. 1992-96, and 1996-2000) to study Indian firms' financial performance across various dimensions viz. , shareholder value, accounting profitability and its components, growth and risk of the sample firms. It reveals that even on the same data, the determinants of market-based performance measures and accounting-based performance measures differ due to influence of ‘Capital Market Conditions'. We found that size, marketing expenditure, and international diversification had a positive relation with a firm's market valuation.Apart from these firm attributes that reflect either operating parameters of firms or ‘strategic choice' of firm managers, we also found that a firm's ownership composition, particularly the level of equity ownership by Domestic Financial Institutions and Dispersed Pu blic Shareholders, and the leverage of the firm were important factors affecting its financial performance. The different implications of the findings for various stakeholders of a firm are also discussed. 6Dutts S. K has written an article on â€Å"Indian tea industry an appraisal† which was published in Management accountant in the year of March 1992.He analyzed the profitability, liquidity and financial efficiency by using various ratios. 7 Objectives of the study  · To evaluate the financial performance of the selected units of Pharmaceutical industry  · To compare the financial results of the Pharmaceutical industry as Dr Reddy's Laboratories Ltd and Lupin Ltd  · To enquire the adequacy or the accounting information desired from the statement in conformity with laid down accounting statements by the institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI).  · To study the growth of the said companies To give suggestion for best financing method and efficient utilizatio n of fixed assets METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY: Source of the data: â€Å"Comparative Financial statement Analysis & Innovation in Private sector Pharmaceutical Companies in India† has been made by using data from financial statements of all five major players in cement industry, they are – Dr Reddy's Laboratories Ltd. (Dr. RDL), Ambuja Lupin Ltd. (LL), the period of the study was ten years from 2001 to 2010. The data was collected from cpitaline database and from the annual reports of the respective companies.Hypothesis for the study: For the present study tested following null hypotheses are tested-  · Ho1: The Dr Reddy's Laboratories Ltd. did not achieve better profitability than Lupine Ltd.  · Ho2: The Dr Reddy's Laboratories Ltd. did not achieve better liquidity than Lupine Ltd.  · Ho3: The Dr Reddy's Laboratories Ltd. did not achieve better turnover than Lupine Ltd. Scope of the study: the study Comparative Financial statement Analysis & Innovation in Private s ector Pharmaceutical Companies in India.The study therefore includes financial structure performance, working capital performance, and Profitability performance but excludes non-financial areas such as production, marketing, personnel and R& D from its purview. Techniques used for analysis: The data have been analyzed with the help of ratio analysis, trend analysis, common size analysis-T test to test the relation among different ratios of two selected companies. Limitation of the study: In order to facilitate uniformity in data, years have been readjusted and the data have been recast as on 31st March of each year.The figure taken from the annual reports have been rounded off to two decimals of rupees in crores. The data available in financial statements have been translated in to a pre-designed structure format so that a meaningful interpretation could be made through inter-firm and intra firm comparisons. The format in which the data have been classified is selected after careful consideration of the operation Pharmaceutical Companies. Nevertheless, the limitations do in no way act as a deterrent in drawing effective and meaningful inferences from the studyAnalysis of the data: for knowing Comparative Financial statement Analysis & Innovation in Private sector Pharmaceutical Companies in India the commonly used ratio: fixed Gross profit, Net profit, Return on capital employed, Return on Net worth and Earning per share, Current ratio, Debtors Velocity (Days), Creditors Velocity (Days), Debt equity ratio and Interest coverage ratio, Inventory turnover Ratio, Debtors Turnover Ratio and Total Assets Turnover Ratio Analysis and interpretation: Table-1 Profitability Ratios of Dr Reddy's Laboratories Ltd & Lupine Ltd. Gross profit Net profit ROC RON EPS Year Dr. RDL Lupin Ltd. Dr.RDL Lupin Ltd. Dr. RD Lupin Ltd. Dr. RD Lupin Ltd. Dr. RD Lupin Ltd. 2001 22. 16 9. 25 19 6. 65 31. 5 23. 02 29. 23 31. 13 45. 32 201. 66 2002 33. 1 12. 49 32. 39 7. 54 42. 06 16. 64 45. 71 22. 07 59. 56 17. 42 2003 30. 78 12. 2 28. 34 7. 3 26. 44 16. 05 24. 02 20. 3 50. 6 17. 44 2004 21. 55 19. 07 20. 4 12. 48 15. 61 27. 1 14. 7 36. 14 36. 37 23. 76 2005 7. 9 9. 77 9. 19 6. 96 2. 19 12. 75 2. 77 17. 79 7. 85 20. 09 2006 16. 27 16. 29 14. 12 11 9. 24 20. 86 8. 57 31. 93 26. 82 44. 61 2007 37. 06 16. 27 32. 39 10. 53 35. 94 19. 39 35. 47 27. 89 69. 45 36. 75 2008 21. 63 19. 27 18. 47 13. 53 12. 01 23. 85 10. 35 32. 02 27. 2 52. 31 2009 21. 77 18. 28 17. 8 14. 17 13. 55 22. 29 11. 14 30. 97 32. 25 48. 22 2010 28. 77 21. 56 23. 52 17. 7 17. 79 25. 6 15. 14 33. 23 48. 25 70. 7 Total 240. 99 154. 45 215. 62 107. 86 206. 33 207. 55 197. 1 283. 47 404. 09 532. 96 Average 24. 099 15. 445 21. 562 10. 786 20. 633 20. 755 19. 71 28. 347 40. 409 53. 296 Min 7. 9 9. 25 9. 19 6. 65 2. 19 12. 75 2. 77 17. 79 7. 85 17. 42 Max 37. 06 21. 56 32. 39 17. 7 42. 06 27. 1 45. 71 36. 14 69. 45 201. 66 Sources: Data has been taken from annual reports The gross profit ratio of Dr. RDL was 22 . 16 % in 2001 which went down in to 7. 9% in 2005 but it rose up to 28. 7% in last years of the study period. The ratio ranged between 7. 9% in 2005 to 37. 06% in 2007. The ratio showed highly fluctuated trend during the study period. The average gross profit ratio was 24. 09% indicated. The gross profit ratio of Lupin Ltd. showed highly fluctuated trend during the study period with an average of 15. 45%. The ratio was the highest in the year of 2010 and very lowest 2001. T-test T-Test: Calculated value of gross profit ratio is 2. 86 Tabulated value at 5% significant value=1. 73 d. e. f. = 18 at 5% of level of significance t cal ; t tab Hence hypothesis is rejected. The Net profit ratio of Dr.RDL was 19% in the year of 2001 and increased to 32. 39% in the year of 2002. The ratio went down to 28. 34% in year of 2003. The ratio was very low of 9. 19% during the year of 2005 and very highest during the year of 2002. The average ratio was 21. 56% with fluctuated trend. The Net profit r atio of Lupin Ltd. was 6. 65 % in 2001 which went down in to 6. 96% in 2005 but it rose up to 17. 7% in last years of the study period. The ratio ranged between 6. 65% in 2001 to 17. 7% in 2010. The ratio showed highly fluctuated trend during the study period. The average gross profit ratio was 10. 78% indicated. T-testCalculated value of net profit ratio is 4. 01 Tabulated value at 5% significant value= 1. 73 d. e. f. = 18 at 5% of level of significance t cal ; t tab Hence hypothesis is rejected. The return on capital employed ratio was 31. 5% in 2001 which went down to 9. 24 % in the year of 2006 and also went down to 13. 55% and 17. 79 during the years of 2009 and 2010 respectively. The ratio ranged between 2. 19% in year of 2005to 42. 06% in the year of 2002. The ratio showed down ward trend with an average of 20. 63%. The return on capital employed of Lupin Ltd was showing much fluctuated trend during the year study period.The average ratio was 20. 76 in the Lupin Ltd which sho wed fluctuated trend during the study period. The ratio was 23. 02% in year of 2001 and 20. 86% in year of 2006 and 25. 6% during the last year of study period. The ratio has gone down due to decreased in volume of sales. The sales have gone down since price rise took place in market. T-test Calculated value of return on capital employed ratio is 0. 028 Tabulated value at 5% significant value= 1. 73 d. e. f. = 18 at 5% of level of significance t cal ; t tab Hence hypothesis is accepted. The Return on net worth ratio of Dr. RDL was 29. 3% in 2001 which went down in to 8. 57% in 2006 but it rose up to 15. 14% in last years of the study period. The ratio ranged between 2. 77% in 2005 to 45. 71% in 2002. The ratio showed highly fluctuated trend during the study period. The average gross profit ratio was indicated19. 71%. The Return on net worth ratio of Lupin Ltd. showed highly fluctuated trend during the study period with an average of 28. 347%. The ratio ranged between 17. 79% in 2005 to 36. 14% in 2004. T-test Calculated value of Return on net worth ratio is 1. 84 Tabulated value at 5% significant value= 1. 73 d. e. f. = 18 at 5% of level of significance cal ; t tab Hence hypothesis is rejected. Earnings per share of Dr. RDL were Rs. 45. 32 in the year of 2001 and Rs 59. 56 in the year of 59. 56. The EPS went down to 50. 6 in the year of 2003 and Rs 36. 37 in the year 2004 and Rs. 7. 85 in the year of 2005. The EPS rose to 69. 45 in the year 2007and again went down to 27. 62 in 2008. The EPS Rs. 48. 25 during the last year of study period. The average ESP was 40. 41 with downward trend during the study period. The EPS was 201. 66 in Lupin Ltd. and went down to 20. 09 in the year of 2005 and reached down to 70. 7 during the last year of study period.The EPS showed lower level of EPS due to less utilization of financial leverage. T-test Calculated value of Earnings per share is 0. 70 Tabulated value at 5% significant value= 1. 73 d. e. f. = 18 at 5% of level of s ignificance t cal ; t tab Hence hypothesis is accepted. Table-2 Liquidity ratio of Dr. RDL and Lupin Ltd. Current ratio Debtors Velocity (Days) Creditors Velocity (Days) Year Dr. RDL Lupin Ltd. Dr. RDL Lupin Ltd. Dr. RDL Lupin Ltd. 2001 1. 69 1. 82 48 47 76 27 2002 3. 09 1. 74 54 61 79 35 2003 4. 86 1. 58 60 62 82 36 2004 3. 73 1. 34 60 66 85 38 2005 2. 49 1. 1 60 56 90 34 2006 1. 5 1. 38 59 57 94 35 2007 2. 21 1. 68 66 63 105 38 2008 3. 05 1. 53 85 69 109 42 2009 3. 15 1. 24 79 77 110 45 2010 2. 44 1. 27 100 81 120 52 Total 28. 56 14. 68 671 639 950 382 Average 2. 856 1. 468 63 62 92 37 Min 1. 69 1. 1 48 47 76 27 Max 4. 86 1. 82 100 81 120 52 Sources: Data has been taken from annual reports In year 2001 Dr. RDL has 1. 69 as its current ratio and after that it continuously increased from 3. 09 to 4. 86 in the year of 2002 and 2003 respectively. But in year 2004, 2005 & 2006 it also showed negative changes but it moves from 2. 21 to 3. 05 in year 2007 and 2008 respectively.In the yea r 2009 and 2010 it shows again little fluctuated with an average of 2. 85. In year 2001 Lupin Ltd has 1. 82 as its current ratio and after that it continuously decreased from 1. 74 to 1. 58 in the year of 2002 and 2003 respectively. But in year 2004, 2005 & 2006 it also showed negative changes but it moves down from 1. 68 to 1. 53 in year 2007 and 2008 respectively. In the year 2009 and 2010 it shows again little fluctuated with an average of 1. 46. T-test Calculated value of current ratio is 4. 50 Tabulated value at 5% significant value= 1. 73 d. e. f. = 18 at 5% of level of significance cal ; t tab Hence hypothesis is rejected. In year 2001 Dr. RDL has 48 days as its Debtors Velocity (Days) and after that it continuously increased from 54 (Days) to 60 in the year of 2002 and 2003 respectively. But in year 2004, 2005 & 2006 it also showed negative changes but it moves down from 66 days to 85 in year 2007 and 2008 respectively. In the year 2009 and 2010 it shows again little fluctua tions with an average of 63 days. In year 2001 Lupin Ltd. has 47 days as its Debtors Velocity (Days) and after that it continuously increased from 61 (Days) to 62 in the year of 2002 and 2003 respectively.But in year 2004, 2005 & 2006 it also showed negative changes but it moves up from 63 days to 69 in year 2007 and 2008 respectively. In the year 2009 and 2010 it shows again little fluctuations with an average of 62 days. T-test Calculated value of Debtors Velocity (Days) is 0. 3 Tabulated value at 5% significant value= 1. 73 d. e. f. = 18 at 5% of level of significance t cal ; t tab Hence hypothesis is accepted. In year 2001 Dr. RDL 76 days as its Creditors Velocity (Days) and after that it continuously increased from 79 (Days) to 82 in the year of 2002 and 2003 respectively.But in year 2004, 2005 & 2006 it also showed negative changes but it moves down from 105 days to 109 days in year 2007 and 2008 respectively. In the year 2009 and 2010 it shows again little fluctuations with a n average of 92 days. In year 2001 Lupin Ltd. 27 days as its Creditors Velocity (Days) and after that it continuously increased from 35 (Days) to 36 days in the year of 2002 and 2003 respectively. But in year 2004, 2005 & 2006 it also showed positives changes but it moves down from 38 days to 42 days in year 2007 and 2008 respectively. In the year 2009 and 2010 it shows again little fluctuations with an average of 37 days.T-test Calculated value of Creditors Velocity (Days) is 10. 83 Tabulated value at 5% significant value= 1. 73 d. e. f. = 18 at 5% of level of significance t cal ; t tab Hence hypothesis is rejected. Leverage Ratios of Dr. RDL & Lupin Ltd. Table-3 Leverage Ratios of Dr. RDL & Lupin Ltd. Debt equity ratio Interest coverage ratio Year Dr. RDL Lupin Ltd. Dr. RD Lupin Ltd. 2001 0. 56 1. 79 5. 05 2. 09 2002 0. 19 1. 88 34. 27 2. 55 2003 0. 01 1. 77 72. 27 2. 53 2004 0. 02 1. 24 72. 71 4. 89 2005 0. 08 0. 86 3. 82 4. 12 2006 0. 28 1. 18 10. 39 8. 6 2007 0. 19 1. 16 27. 29 8. 65 2008 0. 09 0. 83 40. 74 13. 99 2009 0. 11 0. 71 27. 62 2. 35 2010 0. 11 0. 47 68. 8 25. 97 Total 1. 64 11. 89 362. 96 85. 74 Average 0. 16 1. 19 36. 30 8. 57 Min 0. 01 0. 47 3. 82 2. 09 Max 0. 56 1. 88 72. 71 25. 97 Sources: Data has been taken from annual reports The Debt equity ratio of Dr. RDL was 0. 56 in 2001 which went down in to 0. 28 in 2006 but it went down to 0. 11 in last years of the study period. The ratio ranged between 0. 01 in 2003 to 0. 56 in 2001. The ratio showed highly fluctuated trend during the study period. The average Debt equity ratio was indicated 0. 16. In year 2001 Lupin Ltd. 1. 79 as its Debt equity ratio and after that it continuously decreased from 1. 8 to 1. 77 days in the year of 2002 and 2003 respectively. But in year 2004, 2005 & 2006 it also showed positives changes but it moves down from 1. 16 to 0. 83 in year 2007 and 2008 respectively. In the year 2009 and 2010 it shows again little fluctuations with an average of 1. 19 days. T-test Calc ulated value of Debt equity ratio is 6. 28 Tabulated value at 5% significant value= 1. 73 d. e. f. = 18 at 5% of level of significance t cal ; t tab Hence hypothesis is rejected. Interest coverage ratio of Dr. RDL was 5. 05 in the year of 2001 and Rs 3. 82 in the year of 2006. The Interest coverage ratio went up to 72. 7 in the year of 2003 and 72. 71 in the year 2004 and 3. 82 in the year of 2005. The Interest coverage ratio rose to 27. 29 in the year 2007and again went up to 40. 74in 2008. The Interest coverage ratio was 68. 8 during the last year of study period. The average Interest coverage ratio was 36. 30 with upward trend during the study period. In year 2001 Lupin Ltd. 2. 09 as its Debt equity ratio and after that it continuously decreased from 2. 55 to 2. 53 in the year of 2002 and 2003 respectively. But in year 2004, 2005 & 2006 it also showed negatives changes but it moves down from 8. 65 to 13. 99 in year 2007 and 2008 respectively.In the year 2009 and 2010 it shows aga in little fluctuations with an average of 8. 57. T-test Calculated value of Interest coverage ratio is 3. 13 Tabulated value at 5% significant value= 1. 73 d. e. f. = 18 at 5% of level of significance t cal ; t tab Hence hypothesis is rejected. Table-4 Turnover ratio of Dr. RDL and Lupin Ltd. Inventory Turnover Ratio Debtors Turnover Ratio Total Assets Turnover Ratio Year Dr. RDL Lupin Ltd. Dr. RDL Lupin Ltd. Dr. RDL Lupin Ltd. 2001 8. 65 11. 3 4. 76 5. 39 1. 03 1. 6 2002 9. 01 6. 61 4. 29 3. 06 0. 99 1. 32 2003 7. 44 7. 02 3. 64 2. 75 0. 92 1. 29 2004 6. 99 6. 74 3. 97 3. 89 0. 88 1. 7 2005 5. 79 5. 23 3. 78 5. 37 0. 85 1. 31 2006 5. 64 5. 95 4. 21 5. 69 0. 82 1. 28 2007 8. 69 5. 7 4. 94 4. 9 0. 75 1. 14 2008 6. 11 5. 08 3. 53 4. 7 0. 65 1. 09 2009 6. 16 4. 39 3. 66 4. 39 0. 64 0. 99 2010 5. 57 5. 13 3. 66 4. 51 0. 59 0. 94 Total 70. 05 63. 15 40. 44 44. 65 8. 12 12. 23 Average 7. 005 6. 315 4. 044 4. 465 0. 812 1. 223 Min 5. 57 4. 39 3. 53 2. 75 0. 59 0. 94 Max 9. 01 11. 3 4. 94 5 . 69 1. 03 1. 6 Sources: Data has been taken from annual reports In year 2001 Dr. RDL 8. 65 as its Inventory Turnover Ratio and after that it continuously decreased from 9. 01 to 7. 44 in the year of 2002 and 2003 respectively.But in year 2004, 2005 & 2006 it also showed negatives changes but it moves down from 8. 69 to 6. 11 in year 2007 and 2008 respectively. In the year 2009 and 2010 it shows again little fluctuations with an average of 7. 01. In year 2001 Lupin Ltd. 11. 3 as its Inventory Turnover Ratio and after that it continuously increased from 6. 61 to 7. 02 in the year of 2002 and 2003 respectively. But in year 2004, 2005 & 2006 it also showed trend with ups and downs but it moves down from 5. 7 to 5. 08 in year 2007 and 2008 respectively. In the year 2009 and 2010 it shows again little fluctuations with an average of 6. 2. Calculated value of Inventory Turnover Ratio is 0. 72 Tabulated value at 5% significant value= 1. 73 d. e. f. = 18 at 5% of level of significance t cal ; t tab Hence hypothesis is accepted. In year 2001 Dr. RDL. 4. 76 as its Debtors Turnover Ratio and after that it continuously decreased from 4. 29 to 3. 64 in the year of 2002 and 2003 respectively. But in year 2004, 2005 & 2006 it also showed trend with upward movements but it moves down from 4. 94 to 3. 53 in year 2007 and 2008 respectively. In the year 2009 and 2010 it shows again little fluctuations with an average of 4. 04.In year 2001 Lupin Ltd. 5. 39 as its Debtors Turnover Ratio and after that it continuously decreased from 3. 06 to 2. 75 in the year of 2002 and 2003 respectively. But in year 2004, 2005 & 2006 it also showed trend with upward movements but it moves down from 4. 9 to 4. 73 in year 2007 and 2008 respectively. In the year 2009 and 2010 it shows again little fluctuations with an average of 4. 47. Calculated value of Debtors Turnover Ratio is 1. 21 Tabulated value at 5% significant value= 1. 73 d. e. f. = 18 at 5% of level of significance t cal ; t tab Hence hy pothesis is accepted. In year 2001 Dr. RDL. 1. 3 as its Total Assets Turnover Ratio and after that it continuously decreased from 0. 99 to 0. 92 in the year of 2002 and 2003 respectively. But in year 2004, 2005 & 2006 it also showed trend with downward movements but it moves down from 0. 75 to 0. 65 in year 2007 and 2008 respectively. In the year 2009 and 2010 it shows again little fluctuations with an average of 0. 81. In year 2001 Lupin Ltd. 1. 6 as its Total Assets Turnover Ratio and after that it continuously decreased from 1. 32 to 1. 29 in the year of 2002 and 2003 respectively. But in year 2004, 2005 & 2006 it also showed trend with upward movements but it moves down from 1. 4 to 1. 09 in year 2007 and 2008 respectively. In the year 2009 and 2010 it shows again little fluctuations with an average of 1. 22. Calculated value of Total Assets Turnover Ratio is 5. 34 Tabulated value at 5% significant value= 1. 73 d. e. f. = 18 at 5% of level of significance t cal ; t tab Hence hyp othesis is rejected. Summary findings and Conclusion The liquidity ratio of Lupin Ltd is highly threatening when compared with Dr. RDL. Thus Lupin Ltd has to control the current liabilities or to increase the current assets so that they can cover all the current liabilities and be in safer position.Thus slightly fluctuations in sales in that situation can not affect the paying capacity of the concern and thus maintain the credibility. The profitability ratio of Dr. RDL is better when it is compared with Lupin Ltd. It can be inferred from the result that Lupin Ltd can expand the business or can move further in newer directions as it is experiencing continuously growth in the profitability. Lupin Ltd has to give a fairer thought to reduce cost in providing services and increasing the turnover so that sustained growth in profitability can be seenReturn on Net Capital Employed is the best test of overall profitability and efficiency of the business firm. A company with high rate of retu rn on capital employed would be in a position to capitalize; e. g. it can take advantage of all favorable market opportunities. The study shows that returns on capital employed in selected units in India had marked a fluctuated trend. The average was 17. 79 and 25. 6 percent in units in India respectively. This ratio was satisfactory. On the whole Dr. DRL had the highest return net on capital employed of As compared to the Lupin ltd.In the light of the above discussion it is suggested that Lupin ltd should undertake cost control measure so that increase net profit before interest and taxes of the company might enhance the return on net capital employed. The solvency ratio also reveals the same track record of an upper hand over Lupin ltd. This position depicts the financial soundness or good financial health of the DR. RDL. In this sector Lupin ltd. has to work hard for providing the financial health in terms of capital also. The turnover ratio of Lupin Ltd. is showing better positi on when compared to DR. RDL. This fact proves that the market size in Lupin Ltd. s far more better than the DR. RDL which in turn is gearing its growth in all the stream. Thus DR. RDL has to work for increasing the market size and customer base so that it can achieve the trend of continuous growth. It can be inferred from the overall financial analysis that Lupin Ltd ltd. has to rethink and device the strategies so that it can lead towards positive way and become the major players. Innovation though financial statement analysis can be seen though mergers and acquisitions and launching of new products and schemes so that enterprise can be proud of being major market players and setter newer and newer goals in the future.Cost accounting and cost audit should be made mandatory for this units and cost sheet along with annual financing statement should be prepared. The policy of borrowed financing in selected Parma group of companies under study was not proper. So the companies should us e widely the borrowed funds and should try to reduce the fixed charges burden gradually by decreasing borrowed funds and by enhancing the owner’s fund. For this purpose companies should enlarge their equity share capital by issuing new equity shares. There has been too much of government interference in policy and day-to-day working and decisions.This leads to delays in decision-making. This should be abolished. There is no incentive to the employees to perform better. Also there is no accountability because no one is held responsible for a failure in achieving targets for this kind of problem responsibility centre should be created. Improper planning and delays in implementation of projects lead to rise in their cost. So properly planning should be made. To regularize and optimize the use of cash balance proper techniques may be adopted for planning and control of cash. The investments in inventories should be reduced and need to introduce a system of prompt collection of de bts.Selected pharma companies should try to use properly their operating assets and should try to minimize their non-operating expenses. To conclude the study, it can be said that the adoption of above measures will doubtlessly help the selected companies to improve their overall performance in the management. With the efficient management of long term fund, selected companies can utilized their capacity optimally and accelerate economic growth of India by increasing the production of pharma product at reasonable cost. References. 1. Dr. Promod Kumar. â€Å"Analysis of financial statement of Indian Industries†Saujaniya Publication Ltd. 1992 2. Ahindra Chakrabati: â€Å"Performance of public sector enterprises a Case study on fertilizers† The Indian journal of public enterprise. 1988-89 3. Dr. Sugan C. 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Information about this Article Peer-review ratings (from 2 reviews, where a score of 100 represents the ‘average’ level): Originality = 175. 00, importance = 162. 50, overall quality = 16 2. 50 This Article was published on 14th March, 2012 at 18:41:24 and has been viewed 2635 times. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2. 5 License. The full citation for this Article is: Kakkad, R. (2012). Comparative Financial statement Analysis & Innovation in Private sector Pharmaceutical Companies in India-An empirical Analysis. PHILICA. COM Article number 318.